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Circumcision - Violence against men

[edit]

I have done some searching and found two academic articles that support the idea that circumcision is criminal assault - namely violence against men

[2]

[3]

[4] Only abstract


List of superlative fountains

[edit]
bold Denotes fountain was tallest in world at time of construction


Rank Name Image Height of main jet Number of jets Continuous Lights Country City Year constructed Remarks Ref
1 King Fahd's Fountain 260 m (850 ft) 1 No Yes Saudi Arabia Jeddah 1985 Tallest fountain in the world

Continent Populations

[edit]

Sources

UN US Census - https://www.census.gov/popclock/ https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8rdmp3/revision/1

Continent sizes


Continent Area (km2)
[failed verification]
Area (sq mi)
[failed verification]
Area source Percent
total
landmass
[failed verification]
Population Pop Source Percent
total pop.
Most populous
city (proper)
Africa [note 1] 30,370,000 11,730,000 20.4% 1,339,429,990 (1,287,920,000) [2] 16.9% Lagos, Nigeria
Antarctica [note 2] 14,200,000 5,500,000 [3] 9.2% 4,490 [4] 0.0% McMurdo Station
Asia [note 3] 44,614,000 17,226,000 [5] 29.5% 4,639,847,430 (4,545,133,000) [6] 59.5% Shanghai, China
Europe [note 4] 10,180,000 3,930,000 6.8% 750,769,200 (742,648,000) [7] 9.7% Moscow, Russia[8]
North America [note 5] 24,709,000 9,540,000 16.5% 493,618,450 (587,615,000) [9] 7.7% Mexico City, Mexico
South America 17,840,000 6,890,000 12.0% 430,461,090 (428,240,000) [10] 5.6% São Paulo, Brazil
Australia (pop figure for Oceania) [note 6] 8,600,000 3,300,000 5.9% 42,677,810 (41,261,000) [11] 0.5% Sydney, Australia
  1. ^ Sayre, April Pulley (1999), Africa, Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.
  2. ^ "The population of Africa - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  3. ^ "Antarctica | History, Animals, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  4. ^ See also Demographics of Antarctica. Antarctica. CIA World Factbook. March 2011 data. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  5. ^ "Asia | Continent, Countries, Regions, Map, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  6. ^ "The population of Asia - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  7. ^ "The population of Europe - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  8. ^ "Forbes проигнорировал Москву". irn.ru.
  9. ^ "North America - World - Population - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  10. ^ "The population of South America - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  11. ^ "The population of Oceania - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-09.

List of oldest democracies in the world

[edit]
List of oldest democracies
Country Date of universal suffrage and candidacy Date of universal suffrage - male Date of universal suffrage - female Date of candidacy - male Date of candidacy - female Date of establishment of parliament Type of democracy Notes Ref
Finland 1907 Date suff male Date suff female Date cand male Date cand female Date est parliament Type Notes Ref
New Zealand 1893 Date suff male Date suff female Date cand male Date cand female Date est parliament Type Notes Ref

List of circuses

[edit]

This is a list of former and extant circus companies that perform a multi-skill multi-date circus production at a touring or permanent venue. This list excludes circus groups, circus schools and other circus organisations who perform circus entertainment outside this definition to enable the list to be manageable.

List of circuses
Name Country Town Years Active Traditional or Contemporary Touring or Permanent Animal Acts Notes Ref
Adam Forepaugh USA Philadelphia 1865-1890 Traditional ? Yes
Al G. Barnes Circus USA 1895-1929 Traditional Touring Yes Purchased by the American Circus Corporation in 1929. Stopped touring after 1938
Albanian National Circus Albania Tirana 1952-present Traditional Permanent & Touring Yes Was a permanent circus in Tirana from 1952-1975. Added a big top touring facility in 1975
Archaos France Marseille 1986-present Contemporary Touring No
Bertram Mills Circus UK London 1920-1967 Traditional Permanent & Touring Yes [1]
Big Apple Circus USA New York City 1977-present Contemporary Permanent & Touring No
Billy Smart UK London 1946-1983 Traditional Touring Yes [2]
Black Tower Circus United Kingdom Blackpool 1894-present Traditional & Contemporary Permanent No Animal acts until 1990. Based in a building at the foot of Blackpool Tower
Bobby Roberts Circus UK Oundle 1944-1982 Traditional Touring Yes [3]
Bobby Roberts Super Circus UK ? ? Traditional Touring Yes Bobby Roberts Jr. Son of Bobby Roberts. Bobby Roberts Jr. found guilty of three counts of causing unnecessary suffering to a performing elephant in 2012 [4]
Capital Circus of Budapest Hungary Budapest 1889-present Traditional Permanent Yes Current building opened 1971
Carson & Barnes Circus USA ? 1937-current Traditional Touring Yes Cited for more than 100 violations of federal Animal Welfare Act [5] [6]
Chinese State Circus UK ? 1992-present Contemporary Touring No Owned by Gandey World Class Productions [7]
Chipperfields Circus UK ? 1930s-1990s Traditional Touring Yes [8]
Circa Australia Brisbane 1987-present Contemporary Touring No Started as 'Rock n Roll Circus' in 1987. Changed name in 2004. Received six Helpmann Awards
Circo Atayde Hermanos Mexico ? 1880-present Contemporary ? ?
Circo de los Horrores Spain ? 2006-present Contemporary Touring No 'Circus of Horrors' style circus [9]
Circo Orfei Italy Palermo ? Traditional Touring Yes [10]
Circo Osorio & American Crown Circus USA Las Vegas 1927-present Traditional Touring No Began in 1927 as Circo Osorio in Mexico. Became Circo Osorio & American Crown Circus in 1997 [11]
Circus Aotearoa New Zealand Waitetuna ? Traditional Touring No [12]



|| [[]] || Country || Town || Years Active || Traditional or Contemporary || Permanent or Touring || Animal Acts || Notes || Ref |-


  1. ^ "Bertram Mills - Circopedia". www.circopedia.org. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  2. ^ Billy Smart - Circopedia
  3. ^ "Obituary: Bobby Roberts". The Independent. 1999-04-19. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  4. ^ Laurence Cawley (23 November 2012). "What next for the Bobby Roberts Super Circus?". BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  5. ^ "Our History". Circussaurus. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
  6. ^ "Urge Carson & Barnes Circus to End All Cruel Animal Acts!". PETA. 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
  7. ^ "Chinese State Circus". Chinese State Circus. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
  8. ^ Sansom, Ian (2010-05-14). "Great dynasties of the world: The Chipperfields". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
  9. ^ "Circo de los Horrores". Apocalipsis (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  10. ^ "Log into Facebook". Facebook. Retrieved 2021-03-31. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  11. ^ "Meet Osorio Family". American Crown Circus. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  12. ^ "FAQ - Circus Aotearoa". 2012-12-07. Retrieved 2021-03-31.


Name Country Town or City Years Active Touring or Permanent Animal Acts Ref
Abuhadba Circo Internacional[1] Bolivia
Adam Forepaugh U.S.
Aerialize[2] Australia
Al G. Barnes Circus U.S.
Albert & Friends Instant Circus[3][4] UK
Aloft Circus Arts [5] U.S.
Antonio Franconi Italy
Archaos France
Artcirq[6] Canada
Batty's Hippodrome U.S.
Bertram Mills Circus UK
Big Apple Circus U.S.
Billy Smart[7] UK
Bindlestiff Family Cirkus U.S.
Blackpool Tower Circus UK
Bobby Roberts Super Circus[8] UK
Capital Circus of Budapest Hungary
Carson & Barnes Circus[9] U.S.
Chaplin's Circus[10] UK
Chinese State Circus UK
Chipperfield's Circus UK
Circa[11][12] Australia
Circo Atayde Hermanos[13] Mexico
Circo de los Horrores [14] Spain
Circo de Teresa Rabal[15] Spain
Circo Orfei [16] Italy
Circo Osorio[17] U.S.
Circuba Cuba
Circus Aotearoa[18] N.Z.
Circus Amok U.S.
Circus Avalon[19] Australia
Circus Bassie & Adriaan Netherlands
Circus Carl Busch[20] Germany
Circus Contraption U.S.
Circus Dire Dawa [21] Ethiopia
Circus Flora U.S.
Circus Gatti[22][23] U.S.
Circus Hargeisa[24] Somaliland
Circus Herman Renz Netherlands
Circus Joseph Ashton Australia
Circus Juventas U.S.
Circus Knie Switzerland
Circus Krone Germany
Circus Mondao[25][26] UK
Circus Mundus Absurdus[27] Finland
The Circus of Horrors[28] UK
Circus of Tiny Invisibility[29] U.S.
Circus Olympia[30][31] Australia
Circus Oz Australia
Circus of Pepin and Breschard U.S.
Circus Renz Germany
Circus Roncalli Germany
Circus Royale Australia
Circus Smirkus U.S.
Circus Sarasota[32] U.S.
Circus Sunrise[33] Australia
Circus Tyanna[34] UK
Circus Vargas U.S.
Circus Vegas[35] Ireland
Circus waldissima[36] U.S.
Cirkus Agora Norway
Cirkus Cirkör Sweden
Cirque Amar[37] Algeria
Cirque Berzerk[38] U.S.
Cirque de Flambé[39] U.S.
Cirque de la Symphonie U.S.
Cirque du Soleil Canada
Cirque Éloize Canada
Cirque Fernando France
Cirque Medrano France
Cirque Plume France
Circus Redickuless U.S.
Continental Circus Berlin UK
Darix Togni[40][41] Italy
De La Guarda[42] Argentina
Dorato Circus[43] Israel
Dream Science Circus[44] U.S.
El Circo[45] U.S.
End of the World Cirkus[46] U.S.
Eroni's Circus Australia
Flynn Creek Circus[47] U.S.
Flying Fruit Fly Circus Australia
Fossett's Circus[48][49] Ireland
Foolhardy Circus Arts[50] UK
Garden Bros. Circus U.S
Dragone Belgium
FSU Flying High Circus U.S.
Gerry Cottle[51][52][53] UK
The Great Pakistani Circus[54] Pakistan
The Great American Royal Circus[55] U.S.
The Bite-sized Circus - The Littlest Show on Earth[56] Australia
Great British Circus UK
Gasaui [57] Bolivia
Great Bombay Circus[58][59] India
Great Royal Circus[60] India
Hamid Circus[61] U.S.
Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus U.S.
Hippodrome Circus[62] UK
Hungarian National Circus Hungary
Humboldt Circus U.S.
ISU Gamma Phi Circus[63] U.S.
Janbaz Circus[64] Pakistan
Jordan World Circus[65][66] U.S.
Jumbo Circus[67][68] India
Jim Rose Circus U.S.
Kelly Miller Circus[69] U.S.
La Gota Circo Dubai
Lennon Bros Circus Australia
Lewis and Clark circus U.S
Long Shadow Stilt Theatre[70] AU
Loomis Bros. Circus [71] U.S.
Lost in translation Circus [72] UK
Lucent Dossier Experience U.S.
Lucky Irani Circus[73] Pakistan
Midnight Circus [74] U.S.
Moscow Circus Russia
New Pickle Circus[75] U.S.
Nofit State Circus Wales
P. T. Barnum U.S.
Pablo Fanque UK
Perry Bros Circus[76][77] Australia
Pickle Family Circus U.S.
Ramos Bros. Circus U.S.
Ringling Brothers Circus U.S.
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus U.S.
Royal Hanneford Circus U.S.
The Royal London Circus Malaysia
Royal Circus and Equestrian Philharmonic Academy UK
Sarrasani Germany
Shrine Circus U.S.
Silvers Circus Australia
Sole Brothers' Circus Australia
Star Spangled Circus[78] U.S.
Stardust Circus Australia
Stilt Circus[79] U.S.
Steel City Clown Brigade U.S.
Taylor Circus Stars[80] U.S.
Tbilisi Circus Georgia
Teatro ZinZanni U.S.
Tirana Circus Albania
Turkmen State Circus Turkmenistan
Tom Arnold UK
Tom Duffy's Circus[81] Ireland
Travelling Light Circus[82] UK
Two Bit Circus [83] U.S.
UniverSoul Circus U.S.
Vau De Vire Society[84] U.S.
Wanderlust Circus U.S.
Webers Circus Australia
Circus Gerbola[85] Ireland
Will-o'-the-Wisp Fire Circus[86] AU
Zippos Circus[87] UK
Zirka Circus[88] N.Z.
Zoppé Family Circus[89] U.S
Kinoshita Circus[90] Japan
Name Country
  1. ^ Abuhadba Circo Internacional
  2. ^ Aerialize - Sydney Aerial Theatre Archived 2010-03-17 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Albert & Friends Instant Circus
  4. ^ Barbara Rosen. "A Short Course in the Circus". New York Times. March 6, 1998.
  5. ^ "Account Suspended".
  6. ^ Linda Matchan. "Bringing circus – and new hope – to a remote Arctic village".[permanent dead link] The Christian Science Monitor. December 22, 2009.
  7. ^ Billy Smart - Circopedia
  8. ^ Laurence Cawley (23 November 2012). "What next for the Bobby Roberts Super Circus?". BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  9. ^ Ryan Boldrey (9 May 2012). "Controversy under the Big Top". Our Colorado News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  10. ^ "Chaplins Circus". Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
  11. ^ Circa
  12. ^ Sarah Frater. "Circa shows more wizards from Oz". Archived 2010-08-09 at the Wayback Machine London Evening Standard.
  13. ^ Circo Atayde Hermanos
  14. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2017-02-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^ Reuters (12 December 2012). "El circo de Teresa Rabal consigue levantar el telón". Diario Vasco. Retrieved 13 December 2012. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  16. ^ "Moiraorfei.it - Sito Ufficiale del Circo Moira Orfei".
  17. ^ Jeff Pope. "Circus a way of life for family: American Crown Circus and Circo Osorio perform in Summerlin". Las Vegas Sun. March 7, 2009.
  18. ^ Circus Aotearoa
  19. ^ Circus Avalon Archived 2013-04-09 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Circus Carl Busch
  21. ^ "Circus Dire Dawa visits Circus Hargeisa".
  22. ^ Circus Gatti
  23. ^ Carl Kieke. "Circus Gatti Performance Entertains, Enthralls Youngsters of All Ages". Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine Abilene Reporter-News Mobile. February 29, 2008.
  24. ^ Circus Hargeisa - Somaliland
  25. ^ Circus Mondao
  26. ^ Douglas McPherson. "Reviews: Circus Mondao". The Stage. 23 March 2009.
  27. ^ "Circus Mundus Absurdus". Archived from the original on 2013-09-10. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  28. ^ The Circus of Horrors
  29. ^ The Circus of Tiny Invisibility
  30. ^ "Circus Olympia". Archived from the original on 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  31. ^ "Circus back in town". Archived 2009-10-27 at the Wayback Machine The Advocate. 5 May 2009.
  32. ^ Sarasota, Florida: Home of the American Circus Archived 2013-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ "Work and family balancing act". The Age. 9 January 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  34. ^ Circus Tyanna
  35. ^ Yvonne Gordon. "Behind the scenes at the big top". Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine The Irish Times. 12 February 2003.
  36. ^ "Circus Waldissima – A Waldorf Inspired Youth Circus".
  37. ^ "Les 85 ans du cirque Amar". La Dépêche du midi (in French). Retrieved November 26, 2016.
  38. ^ Cirque Berzerk
  39. ^ Cirque de Flambé
  40. ^ Raffaele De Ritis. "Darix Togni". Circopedia. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  41. ^ "Circo Darix Togni". Archived from the original on 2011-12-06. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  42. ^ Robert Dominguez (16 August 1998). "Flying Circus Our Reporter Soars To New Heights At Off-broadway's 'Villa Villa'". NY Daily News. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  43. ^ Dorato Circus Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Dream Science Circus Archived 2013-01-17 at archive.today
  45. ^ El Circo Archived 2009-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ J. Dee Hill (2004). Freaks & Fire: The Underground Reinvention Of Circus. Soft Skull Press. pp. 162–165. ISBN 9781932360523. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  47. ^ "Flynn Creek Circus | Pushing Traditions to the Edge".
  48. ^ Fossett's Circus
  49. ^ Anthony Garvey. "Fossett’s Circus show honours Irish arts minister O’Donoghue". The Stage. 23 May 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  50. ^ Foolhardy Circus
  51. ^ Stroud, Clover. "Big top, bigger life". Telegraph. September 17, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  52. ^ "Cottle leaves big top behind". BBC. October 4, 2003. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  53. ^ "Gerry Cottle and Gerry Cottle Jr". Interview in The Sunday Times. May 1, 2005. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  54. ^ [1] Archived 2015-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ The Great American Royal Circus Archived 2011-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ The Bite-sized Circus
  57. ^ http://www.circogasaui.com
  58. ^ Great Bombay Circus
  59. ^ Kannadasan, Akila. "The circus comes to town". The Hindu. July 18, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  60. ^ "Great Royal Circus begins soon". The Times of India. March 24, 2004. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  61. ^ Hamid Circus
  62. ^ Hippodrome Circus
  63. ^ ISU Gamma Phi Circus
  64. ^ Fawad Ali Shah. "Female artists perform at Janbaz Circus in Peshawar after 5 years". Daily Times. June 04, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  65. ^ LeRae Haynes. "Elephant protest grows in Williams Lake". Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine Welcome to Williams Lake. 4 August 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  66. ^ Jordan World Circus
  67. ^ "Jumbo Circus hits Bangalore after six years". Thaindian News. January 10, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  68. ^ Bindu Shajan Perappadan. "Good old Jumbo Circus is back to enthral Delhiites". The Hindu. September 30, 2004. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  69. ^ "Kelly Miller Circus is coming to town today". South Coast Today. June 26, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  70. ^ Long Shadow Stilt Theatre Archived 2011-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  71. ^ Loomis Bros. Circus
  72. ^ Lost in Translation Circus
  73. ^ "Lucky Irani Circus". Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  74. ^ "Midnight Circus in the Parks".
  75. ^ Karina Ioffee (21 January 1999). "Big-Top Pickle". Metro Santa Cruz. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  76. ^ Claudette Vaughan. Robert Perry Interviewed: "Perry's Circus Is In Town". Archived 2007-10-16 at archive.today
  77. ^ "Perry Bros Circus". Archived from the original on 2010-07-22. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  78. ^ Robie, Frank (May 23, 1983). "East Coast News" (PDF). The Circus Report. 12 (11): 8 – via circushistory.org.
  79. ^ Stilt Circus: Media/Press Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  80. ^ Kimberly Kapilovic (17 October 2012). "The Taylor family is a real family circus in Arizona". abc15.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  81. ^ Tom Duffy's Circus
  82. ^ Travelling Light Circus
  83. ^ "Find Your Fun".
  84. ^ "Interview with Vau de Vire Society's Mike Gaines". CultureFlux. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  85. ^ Circus Gerbola
  86. ^ Will-o'-the-Wisp Circus and Fire Performances
  87. ^ Zippos Circus
  88. ^ Zirka Circus
  89. ^ "Home - Zoppé - an Italian Family Circus since 1842".
  90. ^ Kinoshita Circus

Science fiction is defined

[edit]

"Science fiction" is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes. James Blish wrote: "Wells used the term originally to cover what we would today call ‘hard’ science fiction, in which a conscientious attempt to be faithful to already known facts (as of the date of writing) was the substrate on which the story was to be built, and if the story was also to contain a miracle, it ought at least not to contain a whole arsenal of them." Isaac Asimov said: "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology." According to Robert A. Heinlein, "a handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method." Lester del Rey wrote, "Even the devoted aficionado—or fan—has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is", and that the reason for there not being a "full satisfactory definition" is that "there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction." Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying "science fiction is what we point to when we say it", while author Mark C. Glassy argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography: you do not know what it is, but you know it when you see it.


Fiction based on imagined future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes, frequently portraying space or time travel and life on other planets.[1]

fiction dealing principally with the impact of actual or imagined science on society or individuals or having a scientific factor as an essential orienting component[2]

Landmark definition

[edit]

Merriam Webster

a structure (such as a building) of unusual historical and usually aesthetic interestespecially : one that is officially designated and set aside for preservation

National Park Service which overseas National Landmarks project

National Historic Landmarks are buildings, sites, districts, structures, and objects that have been determined by the Secretary of the Interior to be nationally significant in American history and culture https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/faqs.htm

UNESCO

Cultural and Natural Heritage 45. Cultural and natural heritage are defined in Articles 1 and 2 of the World Heritage Convention.

Article 1 For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as “cultural heritage”; - monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; - groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; -sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.

Article 2 For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as “natural heritage”: - natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view; geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation; Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention 20 - natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.

Historic England / UK Government

6. For the purposes of listing, a ‘building’ includes any structure or erection and a ‘listed building’ includes any object or structure: (a) fixed to it; or (b) within its curtilage which, although not fixed to it, forms part of the land and has done so since before 1st July 1948, unless the list entry expressly excludes such things. In some cases, such as for works of art or sculptures, it will be necessary to consider the degree and purpose of annexation to the land or building to determine whether it may be listed under the 1990 Act. 7. Listed buildings are graded to reflect their relative special architectural and historic interest.  Grade I buildings are of exceptional special interest;  Grade II* buildings are particularly important buildings of more than special interest;  Grade II buildings are of special interest, warranting every effort to preserve them.

Statutory criteria 16. The Secretary of State uses the following criteria when assessing whether a building is of special architectural or historic interest and therefore should be added to the statutory list:  Architectural Interest: To be of special architectural interest a building must be of importance in its design, decoration or craftsmanship. Special interest may also apply to particularly significant examples of building types or techniques (e.g. buildings displaying technological innovation or virtuosity) and significant plan forms. Engineering and technological interest can be an important consideration for some buildings. For more recent buildings in particular, the functioning of the building (to the extent that this reflects on its original design and planned use, where known) will also be a consideration. Artistic distinction can also be a factor relevant to the architectural interest of buildings and objects and structures fixed to them.

 Historic Interest: To be able to justify special historic interest a building must illustrate important aspects of the nation’s history and / or have closely substantiated historical associations with nationally important individuals, groups or events; and the building itself in its current form will afford a strong connection with the valued aspect of history.

List of tallest clock towers

[edit]

A list of the tallest structures with clocks on their exterior that can be seen from the ground. The list includes various structures with a working clock face or faces on their exteriors. The first type of structure are proper Clock towers which are structures that fulfil the definition of a tower with a clock face or faces on the exterior wall or walls. Possibly the most famous example is the colloquially termed Big Ben. Some structures of this type were originally built as bell towers and had the clocks added later, such as the Springfield Campanille. Some clock towers of this type are freestanding, such as the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, while others are attached to, or on top of, buildings such as the tower on the Philadelphia City Hall. The second set of structures are buildings (rather than towers) that had clock faces on the exterior as part of their original design such as the Wrigley Building. The third set of structures are buildings that have had a clock face or faces added after the original building was constructed such as the Palace of Culture and Science. This division of structures with clock faces follows the general terminology used in related articles and follows CTBUH criteria[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. For the purposes of comparison and clarity this list includes all structures with clocks and clock faces of the types previously described. The list includes all clock 'tower' structures with a height of at least 40 m (130 ft).

bold Denotes structure is the tallest of its type (as described below) in the world
Denotes freestanding clock tower fulfilling the strict definition
Denotes clock tower fulfilling the strict definition either attached to or on top of another structure
Denotes structure that was designed as multi-functional structure which included clock faces
Denotes structure where the clock faces were not in the original design and added after the completion of the structure
Table terminology
Building A structure which is at least 50% 'occupiable' and fulfils the CTBUH definition[10]
Tower A structure which is less than 50% occupiable and fulfils the CTBUH definition[11]
Freestanding Tower A tower that is not attached to or located on top of another building - a standalone structure. A category used by CTBUH [12]
Tower Building A tower that is located on top of or attached to another building. A category used by CTBUH [13]




Rank Name Image Height Number of Faces Chiming Year Type of structure Main function Country City Remarks Ref
1 Abraj Al Bait Towers 601 m (1,972 ft) 4 No 2012 Building[14] Hotel Saudi Arabia Mecca Tallest building with clock faces. The clock faces are the faces highest above the ground on any structure
2 NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building 240 m (790 ft) 4 No 2000 (building) 2002 (clocks added) Building Offices Japan Tokyo Clock faces are 15 m (49 ft) [15]
3 Palace of Culture and Science 230.7 m (757 ft) 4 No 1955 (building) 2000 (clocks added) Building Offices (original) Multi-use (current) Poland Warsaw Building contructed in 1955. Clock faces added in 2000. [16]
4 Met Life Tower 213.4 m (700 ft) 4 No 1912 Building Offices (original) Offices/Hotel (current) USA New York Clock faces are 8 m (26 ft) [17]
5 Philadelphia City Hall 167 m (548 ft) 4 No 1901 Tower Building Offices USA Philadelphia Clock faces are 7.9 m (26 ft) [18]
6 Mercantile National Bank Building 159.4 m (523 ft) 4 No 1943 Building Offices (original) Offices/Residential (current) USA Dallas Building completed in 1942. Addition of clock tower 1943 [19][20] [21]
7 Custom House Tower 151 m (495 ft) 1 No 1916 Building Offices (original). Hotel (current) USA Boston Clock faces 6.7 m (22 ft) Due to the installation of an undersized motor, the clock failed to work properly through much of the 20th century [22]
8 Wrigley Building 133.5 m (438 ft) 1 No 1922 Building Offices USA Chicago The clock faces are 5.97 m (19.6 ft) [23]
9 Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp) 123 m (404 ft) 4 Yes 1521 (clocks added in C18 Tower Building Religious Belgium Antwerp UNESCO World Heritage site as part of Belfries of Belgium and France [24][25][26]
10 Central do Brasil 122 m (400 ft) 4 Yes 1943 Building Railway Station Brazil Rio de Janeiro Clock faces are 20 m (66 ft) tall [27]
11 Moscow State University 118 m (387 ft) 4 No 1953 Building Education Russia Moscow University has one central tower (no clock face) and four ancillary towers upon which one clock face and a barometer and thermometer are located. The height given is for the ancillary towers. The main building is 239 m (784 ft). Clock faces are 9 m (30 ft) [28][29]
12 Milwaukee City Hall 107.6 m (353 ft) 1 Yes 1895 Building Government USA Milwaukee Clock face is 5.5 m (18 ft) [30][31]
13 Copenhagen City Hall 105.6 m (346 ft) 4 No 1905 Tower Building Government Denmark Copenhagen Houses Jens Olsen's World Clock [32]
14 Minneapolis City Hall 105 m (344 ft) 4 Yes 1906 Tower-Building Clock Tower/Government USA Minneapolis Largest four face chiming clock in the world. Clock faces are 7.2 m (24 ft). [33]
15 Lille City Hall Belfry 104 m (341 ft) 4 Yes 1932 Tower Building Government France Lille [34]
16 Old City Hall 103.6 m (340 ft) 1 No 1899 Tower Building Clock Tower/Government Canada Toronto Clock face is 6 m (20 ft) [35]
17 Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower 100 m (330 ft) 4 Yes 1908 Freestanding Tower Clock & bell tower United Kingdom Birmingham Tallest freestanding clock tower in the world. Clock faces are 5.25 m (17.2 ft). [36]
18 Munich Frauenkirche 98.5 m (323 ft) 3 (each tower) Yes 1488 Tower Building (Twin Towers) Religious Germany Munich Domes added in 1524 [37]
19 Royal Liver Building 98.2 m (322 ft) 4 Yes 1911 Building Offices United Kingdom Liverpool Clocks faces on two towers 7.6 m (25 ft) diameter. Building part of the World Heritage Maritime Mercantile City [38]
20 Elizabeth Tower 96 m (315 ft) 4 Yes 1859 Tower Building Clock Tower/Government United Kingdom London Clock faces are 7 m (23 ft). Commonly known as 'Big Ben', although this is the name of the largest chiming bell. [39]
21 The Tower of Palazzo Vecchio 95 m (312 ft) 1 No 14th C Tower Building Government Italy Florence [40]
22 University of Texas Tower 93.6 m (307 ft) 4 No 1937 Building Education USA Austin, Texas [41]
23 Sather Tower 93.5 m (307 ft) 4 Yes 1914 Freestanding Tower Bell Tower (original) Clock & Bell Tower (current) USA Berkley Clock was added in 1926. With the addition of the clock now the second tallest freestanding clock tower in the world [42]
24 Peace Tower 92.2 m (302 ft) 4 Yes 1920 Tower Building Museum Canada Ottawa Clock faces are 4.8 m (16 ft). Built to commemorate Canadians who lost their lives in World War I [43]
25 Brisbane City Hall 92 m (302 ft) 4 Yes 19? Tower Building Government Australia Brisbane Clock faces are 4.9 m (16 ft) [44]
26 Springfield Campanille 91.44 m (300.0 ft) 4 Yes 1913 Freestanding Tower Bell Tower (original) Clock & Bell Tower (current) USA Springfield, Massachusetts Currently not open to the public. With the addition of the clock now the third tallest freestanding clock tower in the world [45]
27 Belfry of Ghent 91 m (299 ft) 4 Yes 1543 Tower Building Clock Tower/Belfry Belgium Ghent 4th tallest freestanding clock tower [46][47][48]
28 Emerson Tower 88.1 m (289 ft) 4 No 1911 Building Offices USA Baltimore Clock faces are 7.3 m (24 ft). The largest four dial gravity clock in the world [49]
29 Belfry of Mons 87 m (285 ft) 4 Yes 1672 Freestanding Tower Clock & Belfry Tower Belgium Mons 5th tallest freestanding clock tower [50]
30 Rajabai Clock Tower 85.3 m (280 ft) 4 Yes 1878 Freestanding Tower Clock tower India Mumbai 6th tallest freestanding clock tower in the world [51]
31 Allen-Bradley Clock Tower 85.3 m (280 ft) 4 Yes 1963 Tower Building Clock Tower USA Milwaukee Clock faces are 12.25 m (40.2 ft) [52]
32 Manchester Town Hall 85.3 m (280 ft) 4 Yes 1877 Tower Building Government United Kingdom Manchester Tallest town hall clock tower in UK. The clock faces are 4.8 m (15.7 ft) [53][54]
33 Belfry of Bruges 83 m (272 ft) 1 Yes 1822 Tower Building Government Belgium Bruges 7th tallest freestanding clock tower [55]
34 Helsinki Cathedral 80 m (260 ft) 1 Yes 1852 Building Religious Finland Helsinki Clock added after building completion [56]
35 New Town Hall (Munich) 79.25 m (260.0 ft) 4 Yes 1908 Tower Building Government Germany Munich Houses the Rathaus Glockenspiel which includes 43 bells and 32 animatronic figures [57]
36 St Pancras railway station 76 m (249 ft) 4 Yes 1868 Tower Building Railway Station United Kingdom London [58]
37 Calais Town Hall 75 m (246 ft) 4 Yes 1925 Tower Building Government France Calais [59]
38 Arras Town Hall 75 m (246 ft) 4 Yes 1554 Tower Building Government France Arras Destroyed in WW1 and rebuilt 1924-1932 [60]
39 Siemensstadt 75 m (246 ft) 4 No 1909 Tower Building Commercial Germany Berlin Clock faces are 7 m (23 ft) [61]
40 San Francisco Ferry Building 74.7 m (245 ft) 4 Yes 1898 Building Ferry Terminal United States San Francisco Clock faces are 6.7 m (22 ft) Clock tower houses a private penthouse residence [62][63]
41 Waterbury Union Station 74.7 m (245 ft) 4 No 1909 Tower Building Railway Station United States Waterbury [64]
Central Library of Catholic University of Leuven 73.5 m (241 ft) 4 Yes 1928 Tower Building Belgium Leuven Rebuilt after WW2 [65]
42 Salt Lake City and County Building 73 m (240 ft) 4 Yes 1894 Tower Building Government United States Salt Lake City [66][67]
42 Spasskaya Tower 71 m (233 ft) 4 Yes 1851 Tower Building Clock Tower Russia Moscow The clock faces are 6.12 m (20.1 ft) [68]
43 Ypres Cloth Hall 70 m (230 ft) 4 Yes 1304 Rebuilt 1933-1967 Tower Building Commercial (original) Belgium Ypres Belfry originally a watchtower. Clocks added later [69][70]
44 Charleroi City Hall Belfry 70 m (230 ft) 4 Yes 1936 Tower Building Government Belgium Charleroi [71]
44 Leeds Town Hall 69 m (226 ft) 4 Yes 1858 Tower Building Government United Kingdom Leeds [72]
45 Husainabad Clock Tower 67 m (220 ft) 4 No 1881 Free standing tower Clock tower India Lucknow 8th tallest freestanding clock tower. The clock faces are 3.95 m (13.0 ft) [73]
46 Limoges-Bénédictins railway station 67 m (220 ft) 4 No 1929 Tower Building Railway Station France Limoges Clock face is 4 m (13 ft) [74][75]
47 Oslo City Hall 63 m (207 ft)[citation needed] 1 Yes 1950 Building Government Norway Oslo Tower with clock on it is know as Oslo Rådhus 2. Clock face is 8.6 m (28 ft). Building hosts the Nobel Peace Prize each year [76]
48 Messina astronomical clock 61 m (200 ft) 4 Yes 1933 (clock) 1929 (tower)[77] Tower Building Clock Tower Italy Messina The clock faces are 2.4 m (7.9 ft) [78][79]
49 Bolton Town Hall 60.35 m (198.0 ft) 4 Yes 1873 Tower Building Government United Kingdom Bolton The clock faces are 3.65 m (12.0 ft) [80]
50 Shell Mex House 58 m (190 ft) 1 No 1930 Building Offices United Kingdom London Largest clock face in UK at 7.62 m (25.0 ft)
51 Parkinson Building 57 m (187 ft) 4 Yes 1951 Tower Building Education United Kingdom Leeds [81]
52 Old Arts Building Clock Tower 54 m (177 ft) 1 No 1926 Tower Building Education New Zealand Auckland [82]
53 McGraw Tower 52.7 m (173 ft) 4 Yes 1891 Building Education United States Ithaca Originally constructed as a library. Now houses a museum and the Cornell Chimes [83]
54 University of Santo Tomas Main Building [[File:|frameless|100px]] 51.5 m (169 ft) 4 No 1927 Tower Building Education Phillipines Manila [84]
54 Purdue Bell Tower 48.8 m (160 ft) 4 Yes 1995 Freestanding Tower Education United States West Lafayette, Indiana [85]
54 Helsinki Central Station 48.5 m (159 ft) 4 No 1914 Tower Building Railway Station Finland Helsinki [86][87]
55 Montreal Clock Tower 45 m (148 ft) 4 No 1922 Freestanding Tower Clock Tower Canada Montreal 9th tallest freestanding clock tower. Clock faces are 3.6 m (12 ft) [88]
56 Portland Union Station 45 m (148 ft) 4 No 1896 Tower Building Railway Station United States Portland [89]
57 Aalst Belfry 47 m (154 ft) 4 Yes 1460 Tower Building Government Belgium Aalst [90]
57 Clock Tower, Hong Kong 44 m (144 ft) 4 No 1915 Freestanding Tower Railway Station (former) China Hong Kong 10th freestanding clock tower. Clock tower formerly part of railway terminus now a freestanding tower [91]
58 Albert Memorial Clock Tower 43 m (141 ft) 4 Yes 1869 Freestanding Tower Clock Tower United Kingdom Belfast Height disputed in sources between 43 m (141 ft) and 34.5 m (113 ft)[92] If the greater height 11th tallest freestanding clock tower [93]
59 Chennai Central railway station 41.5 m (136 ft) 1 No 18?? Tower Building Railway station India Chennai [94]
60 Sultan Abdul Samad Building 41 m (135 ft) 1 No 1897 Tower Building Offices Malaysia Kuala Lumpur [95]
61 City Hall and Belfry [[File:|frameless|100px]] 40.3 m (132 ft) 4 Yes 1377 Tower Building Government Belgium Dendermonde [96]
61 Belfry of Saint Éloi 40 m (130 ft) 4 Yes C15 Freestanding Tower Belfry France Dunkirk Originally the western tower of the Chruch Saint Éloi separated by a street in 18th century. 12th tallest freestanding clock tower [97][98]
62 Belfry of Thuin 40 m (130 ft) 4 Yes 1641 Freestanding Tower Belfry Belgium Thuin [99]
62 Ripon Building 40 m (130 ft) 1 No 1913 Tower Building Government India Chennai [100]
63 Mint Tower 40 m (130 ft) 4 Yes 1487 Freestanding Tower Clock & Bell Tower Netherlands Amsterdam 13th tallest freestanding clock tower. Formerly part of the medieval city walls [101]
64 Metz-Ville station 40 m (130 ft) 4 No 1908 Tower Building Railway station France Metz [102]


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Sources

Sydney GPO http://visitsydneyaustralia.com.au/gpo.html https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?id=5045424

Vancouver Tower 80.3m 1912 Clock face 6.7m https://www.emporis.com/buildings/113300/vancouver-block-vancouver-canada 80.7m https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/vancouver-block/26035

Vancouver City Hall

Belfry of Thuin https://www.cm-tourisme.be/en/a/belfry-of-thuin

Charleroi City Hall Belfry https://www.cm-tourisme.be/en/a/the-belfry

Academic libraries in Leuven https://www.radissonhotels.com/en-us/destination/belgium/leuven/university-library#

Dendermonde City Hall and Belfry https://www.toerismedendermonde.be/product/873/town-hall-and-belfry

Aaist Belfry https://www.emporis.com/buildings/249154/belfort-van-aalst-aalst-belgium

Santo Tomas University Main Building https://www.bestcollegereviews.org/the-10-tallest-university-clock-towers/

Purdue University Bell Tower https://engineering.purdue.edu/Intranet/Users/carol.s.stwalley.1/MyPictures/bell_tower.jpg/ptPreview

Salt Lake Town Hall http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp//habshaer/ut/ut0100/ut0168/data/ut0168data.pdf https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMBEWN_Salt_Lake_City_and_County_Building_Steeple

Helsinki Central Station https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/helsinki-central-station/ https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20131203-all-aboard-stunning-stations

Antwerp Cathedral https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-timeline https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-world-heritage https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-tower

Ypres Cloth Hall https://web.archive.org/web/20060513092554/http://www.trabel.com/ieper/ieper-clothhall.htm http://www.greatwar.co.uk/ypres-salient/town-ieper-cloth-hall-lakenhalle.htm

Dunkirk Belfry https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Heritage/Sites-and-historical-monuments/Beffroi-de-Saint-Eloi https://www.britannica.com/place/Dunkirk-France

Lille City Hall https://en.lilletourism.com/l-hotel-de-ville-et-son-beffroi.html

Muntorren Amsterdam https://www.amsterdamforvisitors.com/munttoren-amsterdam

Helsinki Cathedral https://helsingintuomiokirkko.fi/en/index/historyofthecathedral.html#thechurchtowers

Calais Town Hall http://www.calais.ws/CalaisTownHall.htm

Arras Town Hall http://arras-france.com/arras-belfry-and-the-town-hall/

Ghent Belfry https://www.belfortgent.be/en/home https://www.gandante.be/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Engelse-flyer.pdf https://cosmopoliclan.com/travel-with-kids/inspiration/belfry-of-ghent-belgium/

Mons Belfry https://www.visitmons.be/reserver-en-ligne/musees/beffroi-de-mons-537140

Waterbury Train Station http://www.trainweb.org/rshs/GRS%20-%20Waterbury.htm

Portland Union Train Station http://splintercat.org/UnionStation/UnionStation.html

Proposed clock towers

[edit]
Rank Name Image Height Number of Faces Chiming Year Type of structure Main function Country City Remarks Ref
1 Infosys Clock Tower Image 135 m (443 ft) 4 ? 2016 Tower Clock & Bell Tower India Mysore [103]

Clock Faces Table

[edit]

Photos for table

[[File:|frameless|100px]]

File:Pittsburgh South Side 2019-08-05 Duquesne Brewery Clock.jpg

Colgate Clock Jersey City (1 of 2) (3157735699).jpg


A list of the largest permanent working clocks with the largest faces in the world. Entries include all clocks with faces at least 4 m (13 ft) in diameter. Clocks can be located on the exterior or interior of buildings, and towers as well as on the ground as is the case with floral clock faces.

Rank Location Image Diameter Number of Faces Chiming Year Structure Country City Remarks Ref
1 Abraj Al Bait Towers 43 m (141 ft) 4 No 2012 Skyscraper Saudi Arabia Mecca Tallest building with clock faces. Building 601 metres (1,972 feet) also making the clock faces the face the highest above the ground
2 Istanbul Cevahir 36 m (118 ft) 1 No 2005 Shopping Centre Turkey Istanbul 3-metre-high digits laid on the transparent roof of the centre
3 Bhestan Photo 24.2 m (79 ft) 1 Yes ? Floral clock India Surat Largest floral clock in the world [104]
4 Park Heroyiv 22 m (72 ft) 1 Yes 2011 Floral clock Ukraine Kryvyi Rih Constructed to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Ukraine's independence. Minute hand is 13 m (43 ft) [105]
5 Central do Brasil 20 m (66 ft) 4 Yes 1943 Clock Tower Brazil Rio de Janeiro Clock tower is 135 m (443 ft) tall
6 Duquesne Brewery 18 m (59 ft) 1 No 1933 Building USA Pittsburgh Largest clock face in USA. Octagonal clock. Has 8.5 m (28 ft) and 6.4 m (21 ft) aluminium hands
7 Colgate Clock (New Jersey) 15.2 m (50 ft) 1 No 1924 Freestanding USA Jersey City Octagonal clock. Originally located on roof of Colgate headquarters building
8 Abbasabad 15 m (49 ft) 1 No 2005 Floral clock Iran Tehran [106]
9 Grozny City Towers 13.6 m (45 ft) 2 No 2011 Skyscraper Russia Grozny Minute hand is 7.3 m (24 ft) and minute hand is 5.5 m (18 ft)
10 Rockwell Automation HQ 12.25 m (40.2 ft) 4 Yes 1962 Clock Tower USA Milwaukee Clock tower is 86.25 m (283.0 ft) and is known as the Allen-Bradley clock tower. Each hour hand is 4.8 m (16 ft) long. Each minute hand is 6.1 m (20 ft) long.
11 Colgate Clock (Indiana) 12 m (39 ft) 1 No 1906 Freestanding USA Clarksville Octagonal clock face. Built for the centennial of the Colgate Company in its original locatioon of Jersey City. Moved to Indiana in 1924 when a larger replacement was made.
12 Kentucky State Capitol 10 m (33 ft) 1 No 1961 Floral Clock USA Frankfort Located in the grounds of the capitol building. Minute hand 6.1 m (20 ft) and hour hand 4.6 m (15 ft)
13 Gare de Cergy - Saint-Christophe 10 m (33 ft) 1 No 1988 Railway Station France Cergy Largest clock face in Europe [107]
14 Mercantile National Bank Building 9.4 m (31 ft)[citation needed] 4 No 1943 Skyscraper USA Dallas Building completed in 1942. Addition of clock tower 1943 [108] [109]
15 Aarau railway station 9 m (30 ft) 1 No 1988[citation needed] Railway Station Switzerland Aarau Second largest clock face in Europe [110]
16 Moscow State University 9 m (30 ft) 4 No 1953 Building Russia Moscow University has one central tower (no clock face) and four ancillary towers upon which one clock face and a barometer and thermometer are located. Minute hand is 3.9 m (13 ft) [111]
17 Stephen's Green Shopping Centre 8.9 m (29 ft)[citation needed] 1 No 1988 Shopping centre Republic of Ireland Dublin
18 St Peter's Church 8.64 m (28.3 ft) 1 No 1534 Church Switzerland Zurich Largest church clock face. The minute hand is 5.73 metres (18.8 ft) and the hour hand is 5.07 metres (16.6 ft)
19 Oslo City Hall 8.6 m (28 ft)[citation needed] 1 Yes 1950 Building Norway Oslo Building hosts the Nobel Peace Prize each year
20 Met Life Tower 8 m (26 ft) 4 No 1912 Skyscraper USA New York Minute hands are 5.2 m (17 ft) and the hour hands are 4.06 m (13.3 ft)
21 Philadelphia City Hall 7.9 m (26 ft) 4 No 1901 Clock tower USA Philadelphia Building with clock tower is 167 m (548 ft)
22 Shell Mex House 7.62 m (25.0 ft) 1 No 1930 Building United Kingdom London Largest clock face in UK
23 Royal Liver Building 7.6 m (25 ft) 4 Yes 1911 Clock tower United Kingdom Liverpool Clocks on two towers. Building part of the World Heritage Maritime Mercantile City
24 Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord 7.6 m (25 ft) 1 No 1932 Church Czech Republic Prague
25 Detsky Mir 7.5 m (25 ft) 1 No 2014 Shopping centre Russia Moscow Clock is inside toy shop. Pendulum is 13 m (43 ft) [112] [113]
26 Emerson Tower 7.3 m (24 ft) 4 No 1911 Clock tower USA Baltimore The largest four dial gravity clock in the world
27 Minneapolis City Hall 7.2 m (24 ft) 4 Yes 1906 Clock tower USA Minneapolis Largest four face chiming clock in the world. Clock tower is 105 m (344 ft). Minute hands are 4.3 m (14 ft) [114]
28 Elizabeth Tower 7 m (23 ft) 4 Yes 1859 Clock Tower United Kingdom London Clock tower is 96 m (315 ft) tall. Commonly known as 'Big Ben', although this is the name of the largest chiming bell. [115]
29 Ayer Mill 6.75 m (22.1 ft) 4 Yes 1909 Clock tower USA Lawrence
30 Custom House Tower 6.7 m (22 ft) 1 No 1916 Skyscraper USA Boston Due to the installation of an undersized motor, the clock failed to work properly through much of the 20th century
31 Palace of Culture and Science 6.2 m (20 ft) 4 No 2000 Building Poland Warsaw Building contructed in 1955 at a height of 237 m (778 ft). Clock faces added later.
32 Spasskaya Tower 6.12 m (20.1 ft) 4 Yes 1851 Building Russia Moscow The hour hand is 2.97 m (9.7 ft), and the minute hand is 3.27 m (10.7 ft)
33 Old City Hall 6 m (20 ft) 1 No 1899 Clock tower Canada Toronto Clock tower is 103.6 m (340 ft)
34 Wrigley Building 5.97 m (19.6 ft) 1 No 1924 Building USA Chicago The hour hands are 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) and the minute hands 2.79 m (9 ft 2 in)
35 Milwaukee City Hall 5.5 m (18 ft) 1 Yes 1895 Clock tower USA Milwaukee [116]
36 Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower 5.25 m (17.2 ft) 4 Yes 1908 Clock tower United Kingdom Birmingham Tallest freestanding clock tower in the world at 100 m (330 ft). The hour hand is 3 m (9.8 ft) and the minute hand is 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)
37 St Pancras Railway Station [[|frameless|100px]] 5.15 m (16.9 ft) 1 No 1860? Railway station (interior) United Kingdom London Largest railway clock in UK [117]
37 Jardin Anglais 5 m (16 ft) 1 No 2002 Floral clock Switzerland Geneva Originally created in 1955
38 Peace Tower 4.8 m (16 ft) 4 Yes 1920 Clock tower Canada Ottawa Built to commemorate Canadians who lost their lives in World War I
39 Royal Palace Photo 4.7 m (15 ft) 1 No ? Floral clock Malaysia Anak Bukit

Temporarily installed clocks

[edit]

A list of clocks that have been installed as temporary structures. Other criteria apply as above for new entries except that all entries are planned temporary structures.

Rank Location Image Diameter Number of Faces Chiming Year Structure Country City Remarks Ref
1 Burning Man Festival Video 3.28 km (2.04 mi) 1 No 2011 Laser USA Black Rock Desert It took 13 months to create the clock [118]
2 Scania Clock Photo 298.5 m (979 ft) 1 No 2016 Articulated Lorries Spain Unknown Created with 14 Scania trucks driving in circles for 24 hours at an abandoned airfield [119]
3 World Fair Photos 30 m (98 ft) 1 No 1904 Floral clock USA St Louis Create for the world fair [120]

The largest timepiece had a clock face area of 8.42 km² (3.25 mi²) and was created by Jim Bowers (USA). It was measured at the Burning Man festival in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, USA, on 5 September 2011. The clock was created with the help of lasers and "hour towers" that were set up in a circle around the laser at the centre. The average length of a laser clock arm was 1,636.8 m (1.02 miles) long. It took 13 months to create the clock. It was used to count down the hours until the burning of "The Man".

The following clocks were installed temporarily in order to set "largest clock" records:

  • The World's "Largest Timepiece" as recorded by Guinness World Records was created by artist Jim Bowers, with an official diameter of 1.75 Miles. The timepiece incorporated 3 lasers (hour/minute/seconds) at night, and the clocks 48' tall central laser tower acted as a sundial during the day (casting a shadow out to 14 granite numbered slabs embedded in the ground). The "1MileClock" mechanism was engineered by laser physicist, Marcus Hertlein (Lawrence Berkely Lab) and software for the device was created by scientist Tim Black. A total of 58 artists from around the world contributed to the project.
  • Scania Clock is a clock created with 14 Scania trucks driving for 24 hours at an abandoned airfield in Spain, showing on the web the local time where you are. It has a diameter of 300 metres and area of 70,000 square metres.[121]

Gallery for Clock Face article

[edit]
Comparison of some notable four-face clocks at the same scale.
Top-left: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower
Bottom-left: Allen-Bradley Clock Tower (previous record holder)
Middle: Abraj Al Bait
Top-right: Big Ben Clock Tower
Bottom-right: Kremlin Clock



Clock faces article text archive

[edit]
  • Abraj Al Bait Towers clock in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, a 43-metre diameter clock built on a 601-metre hotel tower in front of the Ka'ba.[122][123]
  • Istanbul Cevahir clock in Istanbul, a 36-metre clock with 3-metre-high digits laid on the transparent roof of the mall, built in 2005.
  • The floral clock in Surat, India, a 24.20-meter diameter and each of its hands weighs 800 kg, built by Chennai-based Clock India.[124][125]
  • Kryvyi Rih clock with a dial diameter of 22 meters and a length of a minute arrow of 13 meters. The clock dial is a concrete circle, which consists of 12 sectors planted with 22 thousands of flowers of six species.[126]
  • Central do Brasil clock in Rio de Janeiro, a 20-metre diameter four-face clock on top of a 135-metre tower in a railway station, built in 1943.
  • Duquesne Brewery Clock (Duquesne Brewing Company Clock), Pittsburgh, a single 18-metre octagonal clock built by Audichron of Atlanta, Georgia, in 1933, with 8.5-metre and 6.4-metre aluminium hands.[127]
  • Colgate Clock (New Jersey), a 15.2-metre clock built in 1924 in New Jersey to replace the old Colgate Clock, which was moved to Indiana.
  • Flower clock, Tehran, a 15-metre flower clock. It weighs 750 kg (1,650 lb), and was installed on 7 June 2005.[128]
  • Grozny-City Towers Facade Clocks, Grozny City, Chechnya-Russia, is a 13.6-meter diameter, two-piece clock built on 140-meter height and placed northwest and southeast sides of the highest Grozny City Tower. The clocks were built in September 2011 by Erben Kontrol/ Turkey with 7.30 m and 5.55 m pair of hands.
  • Allen-Bradley Clock Tower in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, four 12.25-meter clocks on an 86-metre tower, started keeping time on October 31, 1962 and was the biggest four-faced clock at the time. Each hour hand is 4.8 m long and weighs 220 kg. Each minute hand is 6.1 m long and weighs 240 kg. The hour markings are 1.2 m high.
  • Colgate Clock (Indiana), a 12-metre clock, built in 1906 in New Jersey for the centennial of the Colgate Company. Moved to Indiana in 1924.
  • The floral clock in Frankfort, Kentucky, a 34 feet (10 m) face with minute and hour hands that are 20 feet (6.1 m) and 15 feet (4.6 m) long, respectively. The clock face is composed of over 10,000 individual flowers.[129]
  • The clock of the railway station Gare de Cergy - Saint-Christophe is the largest clock in Europe with a diameter of 10 meters.[130]
  • The four-sided clock of the Mercantile National Bank Building in Dallas, Texas has a diameter of 9.4 meters.
  • The clock of the Aarau railway station is 9 meters in diameter. It behaves almost completely like a standard Swiss railway station clock.[131]
  • The clock on the main building of the Moscow State University is 9 metres in diameter. There are also a barometer and a thermometer of the same size.[132]
  • St. Stephen's green shopping centre, Dublin, an 8.99-meter clock.
  • St. Peter, Zürich, an 8.7-meter clock, built in 1534, the biggest church clock face.
  • Oslo City Hall, an 8.6 meter clock on the east tower south side.
  • Raketa Monumental in Detsky Mir on Lubyanka Square in Moscow, 8-meter clocks with a 13 meters pendulum. It is the world's largest clock movement. Total weight of the movement is 5 tons.
  • Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, 8-meter clocks on all four side of this 213-meter tower built in 1909. Each hours hand weighs 350 kg and each minutes hand weighs 500 kg.
  • Ostend Leopoldpark: flower clock 51°13′44.38″N 02°54′53.56″E / 51.2289944°N 2.9148778°E / 51.2289944; 2.9148778. The flowerbed has a diameter of approximately 9 m. Its minutes hand, made out of copper and covered with leaf gold (size 4 m) weighs 90 kg, the hour hand (3 m) 70 kg. Originally constructed in 1933 and moved to its current location in 1963 due to nearby road enlargement.
  • Philadelphia City Hall, 7.9 meters clocks on all four sides of the metal portion of this 167 meters tower built in 1901.
  • Shell Mex House, The Strand, London 7.62 meters on a 12 story Thames side building built in 1930 on the site of the Cecil Hotel.[133]
  • Royal Liver Building clock, Liverpool, four 7.6 meters clocks on two 90 meters towers, three on the riverside tower and one on the landward tower, built in 1911.
  • Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord, Prague, 7.6 meters clocks on flat 42 meter tower, built in 1932.[134]
  • Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower, Baltimore, Maryland, four 7.3 meters clocks on an 88 meters tower built in 1911. The largest four dial gravity clock in the world.
  • Minneapolis City Hall, 7.0 meter clocks on four sides with chimes on the quarter, half, and full hour. 345 feet (105 m) tower. Largest four-faced, chiming clock.
  • Big Ben, London, 6.9 meter clocks on all four sides of this 96-meter tower built in 1859.
  • The Ayer Mill Clock Tower, Lawrence, Massachusetts, 6.75 m clock built in 1909.[135]
  • Custom House Tower, in Boston, Massachusetts, features 6.7-meter clocks on each of the four sides of the 1915 tower, 151 meters in the sky.
  • Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw, Poland, four 6.2-meter clocks installed in 2000 on the top of the 237-meter skyscraper built in 1955.
  • Kremlin clock, Moscow, 6.12 meters chiming clock on all four sides of the Spasskaya Tower of Moscow Kremlin. First clock on the Spasskaya Tower was installed in the 16th century; current (fully mechanical) mechanism dates back to 1851.
  • Old City Hall, Toronto, four 6-meter clocks with chimes every quarter-hour on a 103.6-meter tower. Part of Toronto's third city hall (1899), it serves as a terminating vista for Bay Street, and it was first rung at midnight, 1 January 1900.[136]
  • Wrigley Building, Chicago, four 19 foot 7 inch (5.97 meter) clock faces at the 25th and 26th floor levels of 30-floor 425 ft (130 m) tower. The hour hands measure 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m), and the minute hands measure 9 ft 2 in (2.79 m). The hands were originally made of redwood, but were recently replaced with aircraft aluminum for better durability. The clocks are at a prominent position, visible east and west along the Chicago River, and south along Michigan Avenue, and are frequently viewed by people on the street or in nearby buildings to check the time.[137]
  • L'horloge fleurie (flower clock), Geneva, 5 m clock built in 1955, modernized in 2002.
  • Peace Tower, Ottawa, four 4.8-meter clocks with chimes every quarter-hour.[138][139] Named for the thousands of Canadians who lost their lives in World War I, the Peace Tower is the central, tallest, and most dominant feature of Centre Block on Parliament Hill.[138][140] Built between 1916 and 1927 in the Gothic Revival style, Centre Block and the Peace Tower replaced the original Centre Block and the Victoria Tower after they burned to the ground in 1916.[141][142][143]

Continents Discussion

[edit]

Assessment of sources

1. Encyclopaedia of World Geography - okay 2. Justin Holman - Geographical Perspectives - Citation is a blog and author is not an authority on geography - not a reliable source 3. Kidzone Geography - looks like a self published website. No sources as to where information is from. No authors mentioned - not a reliable source 4. TV website - no sources, no authors - possibly a supplementary source 5. Worldometer - provides info on all continent number models and states the 7 continent one is the most widely used. Using their 4 continent argument would have to be referenced so not undue 6. Universe Today - a blog as far as I can see. Does say sources for article - National Geographic but also Wikipedia (this is circular sourcing). I don't think this is a reliable source 7. UCSB Scienceline - reliable but does state when asked about how many continents there are - 'What it all comes down to is how the text book author defines "continent" ' 8. Wonderopolis - okay but selective use of quote. This source supports the 7 continent model as well. So again discussing various continent models rather than providing an argument to support any specific one. Although it does state 7 continent model is most widely used. 9. Myth of Continents - reliable 10. Worldometer - as above 11. Universe Today - as above


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