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Glochidion marianum

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Glochidion marianum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Genus: Glochidion
Species:
G. marianum
Binomial name
Glochidion marianum
Synonyms[1]

Glochidion marianum (Chamorro: CHosgu or Åbas duendes; Pohnpeian: luhwikitoh lol[2]) is a species of plant in the family Phyllanthaceae that is endemic to the islands of Guam and the Caroline Islands.[1]

Description

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Seeds inside fruit of Glochidion marianum, Dededo, Guam.

Glochidion marianum is a small shrubby tree, rarely up to 5 metres (16 ft), with trunks seldom over 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) diameter.

  • Leaves: glabrous, elliptical or oblong-elliptical simple leaves are 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in) long and 3–8 cm (1.2–3.1 in) broad. Leaves are arranged alternate distichous on the stems by short petioles (1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in)). New leaves are red or deep scarlet, producing a crown with striking appearance when numerous; mature leaves are medium green, but more pale underneath.
  • Wood: fine grained, tough, and red tinted.
  • Flowers: Glochidion marianum is a monoecious tree, with separate male and female flowers on the same plant. Flowers are miniscule, and color pale yellow-green. Female calyx is longer than the male's. Calyx consists of 2 larger and 3 smaller sepals, but no petals. Male flowers have 3 short-columnar anthers. Female flowers have a mostly 5-locular glabrous ovary, with styles forming a slender subulate column.
  • Fruits: Fruits are globose capsules, or slightly pentagonal, glabrous, with 5 (or sometimes 6) loculi. Immature capsules are light green, becoming yellow when mature, then dark brown. Each of the dehiscent locules contains 2 bright orange or orange-brown seeds. Fruits are said to resemble a mallow fruit or Dutch cheese.[3]

Distribution and Habitat

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Glochidion marianum grows both in the volcanic soils of southern Guam, as well as the limestone that is typical of northern Guam.[4] However, no distinctive variants or regional differences have yet been described.

Glochidion marianum is noted to favor abandoned clearings and edges, as well as the open savannas of southern Guam, although it can also be found in the understory of the limestone forest.[5]

Ecology

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Invertebrates

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Most Glochidion species are known to have a mutualistic relationship with moths of the genus Epicephala.[6][7][8][9] However, no Epicephala moth has yet been described for Glochidion marianum.

Several species of insect have been recovered on Guam only from Glochidion marianum, mostly from collections before World War II:

Other insects endemic to the Mariana Islands that have been observed on Glochidion marianum on Guam include: a fungus weevil (Notioxenus fulgidus), a leaf beetle (Phytorus lineolatus), a bee (Halictus swezeyi), a bird grasshopper (Valanga excavata),[14] a leafhopper (Tartessus swezeyi),[13] a chalcid wasp (Cirrospiloideus guamensis),[15] a true weevil (Trigonops inaequalis)[11], a jewel bug (Calliphara munda),[16], a sap beetle (Haptognathus minutus),[17] a spittlebug (Lallemandana phalerata)[18][19] [author's observations], and two capsid bugs (Aretas signatus and Aretas bifasciatus).[20]

Birds

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Glochidion marianum is one of the many native plant species whose seeds are eaten by the Micronesian starling (Aplonis opaca).[21]

Conservation

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In 1960, Raymond Fosberg described Glochidion marianum as being one of the more abundant trees in the ravine forests of southern Guam.[22] In 1970, Benjamin Stone described it as being quite common, often as a volunteer in old fields.[3]

As of 2024, the species has not been assessed by the IUCN.

Miniscule flowers of Glochidion marianum, Dededo, Guam.

Uses

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Edwin Safford wrote in 1905 that Glochidion marianum was used by the Chamorros of Guam to make cart shafts, as the wood is very strong.[23]

Glochidion species are some of the most widespread medicinal plants used among the peoples of the Pacific, typically using the leaves and bark. However, no specific medicinal uses have been recorded from Guam.[24]

History and taxonomy

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The French botanist, Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré, extensively catalogued the flora of Guam during the 1819 expedition lead by Louis de Freycinet.[25] However, Gaudichaud's 1826 botanical report does not mention the species.[26] Nevertheless, a specimen in the herbarium of Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle was attributed to Gaudichaud. It was first described in the scientific literature as Glochidion marianum in 1863 in the journal Linnaea, by Johannes Müller Argoviensis, the conservator of the de Candolle herbarium.[27][28]

Argoviensis again described the species in the journal Flora in 1865, but moved it to the genus Phyllanthus, and changed the species name to Phyllanthus gaudichaudi, honoring Gaudichaud-Beaupréso, who first collected the species, and so as not to confuse it with the related species, Phyllanthus marianus.[29] However, William Edwin Safford retained the original species name, Glochidion marianum Muell. Arg., in his 1905 description.[23]

A 2006 evaluation of the genus Glochidion recommended it be subsumed under the genus Phyllanthus. Subsequently, Wagner and Lorence in 2011 recommended a reorganization based on molecular phylogenetic studies and morphological characteristics. They proposed separating Glochidion marianum into two species, naming Guam's species Phyllanthus mariannensis and the Caroline Islands species Phyllanthus senyavinianus.[30][31] However, as of 2024, Plants of the World Online does not consider Phyllanthus mariannensis to be a separate species, but rather a synonym of Glochidion marianum, which is endemic to both Guam and the Caroline Islands[1]; likewise, Phyllanthus senyavinianus is listed as a synonym of Glochidion puberulum, which is endemic only to the Caroline Islands.[32]

Common name

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Although Gaudichaud meticulously recorded the Chamorro names of many of Guam's plants, the first record of the Chamorro name for Glochidion marianum appears to have been 1905 by American botanist William Edwin Safford, who recorded the spellings "chosgô" and "chosgû."[23] The same spelling was applied by S.F. Glassman in 1948.[5] The first reference to the plant as "chosga" appears to be from E.D. Merrill in 1914.[33]

Stem of Glochidion marianum with stem galls with exit holes commonly seen on this species.  On the stem is Lallemandana phalerata, an insect endemic to Micronesia and often seen on Glochidion marianum. Photo from Dededo, Guam.

However, in 1970, Stone recorded the Chamorro names chosga, chosgo, and åbas duendes.[3] The latter name in Chamorro means "guava of the duendes," referring to the diminutive spirits of Chamorro folklore.[34][35] Since guava were introduced to the Marianas from the New World, åbas duendes would necessarily be a Spanish-era name.[36]

Marjorie Falanruw lists the name of Glochidion marianum on Pohnpei as luhwikitoh lol. The more general term for Glochidion species on Palau is ngolm, iodel, or kesengelengolm; on Chuuk is afor or amoses; and on Yap is ngumal or ngumol.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Glochidion marianum". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  2. ^ a b Falanruw, Marjorie V. C.; Falanruw, Marjorie V. C. (1990). Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Vol. PSW-26. Berkeley, Calif. (P.O. Box 245, Berkeley 94701): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. pp. 14, 17, 27, 32, 33, 49, 58, 83.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ^ a b c Stone, B.C. (1970). "The Flora of Guam. A Manual for the Identification of the Vascular Plants of the Island". Micronesica. 6 (1/2)): 1–659 – via University of Guam (UOG).
  4. ^ Stone, Benjamin C. (1970). "The Flora of Guam: A Manual for the Identification of the Vascular Plants of the Island". MICRONESICA. 6. University of Guam: 378.
  5. ^ a b Glassman, S. F. (1948). "A Survey of the Plants of Guam". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 29 (2): 178, 182. doi:10.5962/p.185593. ISSN 0004-2625. JSTOR 43781291.
  6. ^ Kawakita, Atsushi; Sato, Akira A. Wong; Salazar, Juana R. Llacsahuanga; Kato, Makoto (2019-01-30). "Leafflower–leafflower moth mutualism in the Neotropics: Successful transoceanic dispersal from the Old World to the New World by actively-pollinating leafflower moths". PLOS ONE. 14 (1): e0210727. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1410727K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210727. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6353133. PMID 30699166.
  7. ^ Hembry, David H.; Okamoto, Tomoko; Gillespie, Rosemary G. (2012-04-23). "Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists". Biology Letters. 8 (2): 258–261. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0771. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 3297384. PMID 21900312.
  8. ^ van Welzen, Peter C.; Winkel, Esmée; Bouman, Roderick W. (2023-05-02). "Parallel developments in floral adaptations to obligate moth pollination mutualism in tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae)". PhytoKeys (225): 165–198. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.225.99506. ISSN 1314-2011. PMC 10170313. PMID 37179576.
  9. ^ Hembry, David H. (2017), Kato, Makoto; Kawakita, Atsushi (eds.), "Phyllantheae–Epicephala Mutualistic Interactions on Oceanic Islands in the Pacific", Obligate Pollination Mutualism, Ecological Research Monographs, Tokyo: Springer Japan, pp. 221–248, doi:10.1007/978-4-431-56532-1_12, ISBN 978-4-431-56532-1, retrieved 2024-10-09
  10. ^ Campbell, John S. (1942). "Psyllidae from Guam". Insects of Guam-I (PDF). Honolulu, HI: Bernice P. Bishop Museum. p. 22.
  11. ^ a b Zimmerman, Elwood C. (1942). "Curculionidae of Guam". Insects of Guam-I (PDF). Honolulu, HI: Bernice P. Bishop Museum. pp. 84–85, 100.
  12. ^ Swezey, O. H. (1942). "Miscellaneous Families of Guam Coleoptera". Insects of Guam-I (PDF). Honolulu, HI: Bernice P. Bishop Museum. p. 164.
  13. ^ a b Metcalf, Z. P. (1946). "Fulgoroidea and Jassoidea of Guam". Insects of Guam-II (PDF). Honolulu, HI: Bernice P. Bishop Museum. pp. 129, 130–131.
  14. ^ Insects of Guam-I (PDF). Honolulu, HI: Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 1942.
  15. ^ Swezey, O. H. (1946). "Notes on some Guam Chalcidoidea". Insects of Guam-II (PDF). Honolulu, HI: Bernice P. Bishop Museum. p. 216.
  16. ^ Usinger, Robert L. (1946). "Heteroptera of Guam". Insects of Guam-II (PDF). Honolulu, HI: Bernice P. Biship Museum. pp. 21–22.
  17. ^ Gillogly, Lorin R. (1962). "Coleoptera: Nitidulidae". Insects of Micronesia (PDF). Honolulu, HI: Bernice P. Bishop Museum. pp. 162–163.
  18. ^ Hale, Justin (2023-01-22). "Lallemandana phalerata". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  19. ^ Hale, Justin (2022-08-18). "Lallemandana phalerata". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  20. ^ Usinger, Robert L. (1946). "Heteroptera of Guam". Insects of Guam-II (PDF). Honolulu, HI: Bernice P. Bishop Museum. pp. 82–85.
  21. ^ Pollock, Henry S.; Fricke, Evan C.; Rehm, Evan M.; Kastner, Martin; Suckow, Nicole; Savidge, Julie A.; Rogers, Haldre S. (March 2020). "Såli (Micronesian starling – Aplonis opaca) as a key seed dispersal agent across a tropical archipelago". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 36 (2): 56–64. doi:10.1017/S0266467419000361. ISSN 0266-4674.
  22. ^ Fosberg, F. Raymond (1960). Vegetation of Micronesia.
  23. ^ a b c Safford, William Edwin (1905). The useful plants of the Island of Guam; with an introductory account of the physical features and natural history of the island, of the character and history of its people, and of their agriculture. Smithsonian Libraries. Washington : Govt. Print. Off. pp. 225, 283–284.
  24. ^ Thaman, R. R. (May 1992). "Batiri Kei Baravi: The Ethnobotany of Pacific Island Coastal Plants". Atoll Research Bulletin. 361: 1–62. doi:10.5479/si.00775630.361.1 – via National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C.
  25. ^ Louis de Freycinet (1829). Voyage Autour du Monde (in French). National Library of Naples. p. 73.
  26. ^ Freycinet, Louis Claude Desaulses de; Freycinet, Louis Claude Desaulses de; Arago, Jacques; Bevalet, Antoine-Germain; Blanchard, E.; Chazal, Antoine; Clermont-Tonnerre, Aimé-Marie-Gaspard; Corbière, Jacques Joseph; Coutant, L. (1826). Voyage autour du monde, entrepris par ordre du roi. Exécuté sur les corvettes de S.M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant les années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820. Vol. [t.4] (1826) [Text]. Paris: Chez Pillet aîné. pp. 64–500.
  27. ^ Garcke, Aug.; Garcke, Aug; Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von; Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von (1863). Linnaea : Ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange. Vol. Bd.32=Bd.16 (1863). Berlin: F. Dümmler. pp. 65–66.
  28. ^ "Glochidion marianum Müll.Arg. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
  29. ^ Königl. Bayer. Botanische Gesellschaft zu Regensburg. (1865). Flora oder Botanische Zeitung, welche Recensionen, Abhandlungen, Aufsätze, Neuigkeiten und Nachrichten, die Botanik betreffend, enthält. Vol. 48. Regensburg: Die Gesellschaft. p. 379.
  30. ^ Wagner, Warren; Lorence, David (2011-12-07). "A nomenclator of Pacific oceanic island Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), including Glochidion". PhytoKeys (4): 67–94. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.4.1581. ISSN 1314-2003. PMC 3174446. PMID 22171182.
  31. ^ "Glochidion marianum | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  32. ^ "Phyllanthus senyavinianus (Glassman) W.L.Wagner & Lorence | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  33. ^ Merrill, M.S., E.D. (1914). "An Enumeration of the Plants of Guam". The Philippine Journal of Science. IX (Section C, No. 1). Manila.
  34. ^ "åbas | Chamorro to English Translation - Chamoru.info | Chamorro Dictionary". www.chamoru.info. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  35. ^ "duendes | Chamorro to English Translation - Chamoru.info | Chamorro Dictionary". www.chamoru.info. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  36. ^ Rojas-Sandoval, J; Acevedo-Rodríguez, P (2022-01-07). "Psidium guajava (guava)". CABI Compendium. CABI Compendium: 45141. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.45141. ISSN 2958-3969.
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