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San Antonio de Pala Asistencia, an asistencia of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, is located in Pala, California

Asistencias or visitas were smaller sub-missions of Catholic missions established during the 16th-19th centuries of the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. They allowed the Catholic church and the Spanish crown to extend their reach into native populations at a modest cost.

Description

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Asistencias served missions and were much smaller than the main missions with living quarters, workshops and crops in addition to a church. They were typically staffed with a small group of clergymen and a relatively small group of indigenous neophytes in order to maintain the complex.

Particularly strategic asistencias were later elevated to the status of a full mission. This typically included an expansion of existing facilities to support a larger clergy and indigenous neophyte population, improvement of basic infrastructure such as roads, and rechristening under a new Catholic saint.[1][2]

In Spanish Florida, visitas were mission stations without a resident missionary. Church buildings at visitas were simple, or sometimes absent.[3] Visitas were often in satellite villages associated with a town with a doctrina (a mission with one or more resident missionaries). .

History

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The Spanish mission system in America first started in what they called La Florida (Spanish Florida), which included Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and South Carolina.

The first visita that was founded and documented seems to be a visita established in the village of Soloy (in modern day Florida). Pedro Menéndez de Avilés designated it to become a blockhouse in 1567, but it became a visita to Mission Nombre de Dios in the beginning of the 1600s.[4]

More visitas were established in Spanish Florida during the early 1600s, but the only ones that seem to have been documented were four visitas to Mission San Pedro de Mocama and nine visitas to Mission San Juan del Puerto.[4]

In 1687, Father Eusebio Kino started to establish missions in Pimería Alta, as well as visitas. In what is modern day Arizona, he established visitas at Huachuca, Quiburi, and Santa Cruz, as well as one called San Ignacio de Sonoitac.[5][6]

In 1692, San Agustín del Tucson was established by Kino as a visita to Mission San Xavier del Bac, but became a mission in 1768 as Mission San Cosme y Damián de Tucsón.[7]

Starting in 1684 with the founding of Mission San Bruno in Baja California Sur by Spanish admiral Isidro de Atondo y Antillón and Father Eusebio Kino,[8] missions started to be founded in Baja California and Baja California Sur, along with visitas.

The first visita founded there was San Juan Bautista Londó in 1699, which served Mission Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó.[9] The final visita in Baja California and Baja California Sur was established in 1798 as San Telmo, which served Mission Santo Domingo de la Frontera.[10]

The mission system in California started with the founding of Mission San Diego de Alcala in 1769 by Father Junipero Serra.[11] The first asistencia in California, Santa Paula, was founded around 1782 to Mission San Buenaventura.[12] More asistencias were established to 6 out of the 21 missions in California.

America

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The following are lists of asistencias in America, sorted by year of establishment.

California

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Spanish asistencias in California
Name Image Location Established Notes References
Santa Paula 34.35584, -119.05086 1782 or after It served Mission San Buenaventura. [13]
Nuestra Señora Reina de los Ángeles
34.05702, -118.2392 1784 It served Mission San Gabriel Arcángel.
San Pedro y San Pablo
37.58714, -122.49391 1786 It served Mission San Francisco de Asís. [2]
Santa Margarita de Cortona
35.40197, -120.6122 1787 It served Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa. [14]
Santa Gertrudis 34.34752, -119.29704 Between 1792 and 1809 The second asistencia to serve Mission San Buenaventura. [15]
San Antonio de Pala
33.36591, -117.07419 June 13, 1816 It served Mission San Luis Rey de Francia.
San Rafael Arcángel
37.97427, -122.52798 1817 It was originally a medical asistencia to Mission San Francisco de Asís, but it became a mission in 1822.
Santa Ysabel
33.13057, -116.67786 1818 It served Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
Las Flores
33.299722, -117.460833 1823 The second asistencia to Mission San Luis Rey de Francia. [3][16]

Arizona

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Spanish visitas in Arizona
Name Image Location Established Notes References
Santa Cruz Along the San Pedro River 1680s or after Santa Cruz is the name of the pueblo. The source says the visita Santa Cruz (along with Quiburi) were founded along the San Pedro River. The name might have been Santa Cruz de Pitaitutgam or Santa Cruz de Gaybanipite. [17][18]
San Ignacio de Sonoitac
Near Patagonia 1691 It served Mission San Cayetano de Tumacácori. [19]
San Agustín
32.21346, -110.98703 1692 It served Mission San Xavier del Bac. In 1768, it was elevated to the status of mission and became the Mission San Cosme y Damián de Tucsón. [6]
San Martín de Aribac Arivaca 1695 It served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi. Described as being 10 leagues (26 miles) away from Guevavi, which is only a couple miles off from the current measurement of 27.8 miles. [17][18]
San Pablo de Quiburi Along the San Pedro River 1690s or after Quiburi (San Pablo de Quiburi is possibly the name of it rather than the visita) was a Sobaipuri ranchería. [5][20]
Huachuca Babacomari Ranch[20] Likely late 17th or early 18th century Huachuca may be the name of the pueblo it was made in rather than the name of the visita itself. [17]

Spanish Florida

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Known Spanish visitas in Spanish Florida
Name Location Established Notes References
Soloy Florida 1567 Originally a blockhouse, but by the beginning of the 1600s, became a visita of Mission Nombre de Dios. [21]
Santa María de la Sena 30.57008, -81.45583[22][23][24][25] (Florida) 1602 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. [26]
San Antonio Possibly Georgia 1602 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. [27]
Chica Faya la Madalena Possibly Georgia By 1602 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. [27]
Veracruz Florida 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one-half league away from the mission. [27]
Molo/Moloa Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was five leagues from the mission. [27]
Potayo Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was four leagues from the mission. [28]
San Mateo Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was two leagues from the mission. [28]
San Pablo Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league and a half away from the mission. [28]
Hicachirico Florida 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league from the mission. [29]
Chinisca Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league and a half from the mission. [29]
Carabay/Sarabay Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was a fourth of a league from the mission. [29]
Olatayco Possibly Georgia By 1604 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. [30]
Yoa Georgia By 1609 It served Mission Santa Catalina de Guale. Identified by John Tate Lanning as "two leagues up a mainland river back of the bars of Zapala [Sapelo Sound] and Cofonufo [St. Catherines Sound]". [31]
Piritiriba Florida 1701 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was three leagues away from the mission. [32]

Mexico

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The following are lists of asistencias in Mexico, sorted by year of establishment.

Baja California

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Spanish visitas in Baja California
Name Image Location Established Notes Reference
Calamajué 29°25′16″N 114°11′42″W / 29.42111°N 114.19500°W / 29.42111; -114.19500 (Visita de Calamajué) 1766 It served Misión San Francisco Borja. [33]
San Juan de Dios
30°10′58″N 115°10′05″W / 30.18278°N 115.16806°W / 30.18278; -115.16806 (Visita San Juan de Dios) 1769 It served Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatá. [34]
San Telmo
30°58′05″N 116°05′31″W / 30.96806°N 116.09194°W / 30.96806; -116.09194 (Visita de San Telmo) 1798 It served Misión Santo Domingo de la Frontera. [10]
San Isidoro
30°45′55″N 115°32′50″W / 30.76528°N 115.54722°W / 30.76528; -115.54722 (Visita de San Isidoro) It served Misión San Pedro Mártir de Verona. [35]
Santa Ana
28°41′25″N 113°49′14″W / 28.69028°N 113.82056°W / 28.69028; -113.82056 (Visita de Santa Ana) It served Misión San Francisco Borja de Adac. [36]

Baja California Sur

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Spanish visitas in Baja California Sur
Name Image Location Established Notes Reference
San Juan Bautista Londó
26°13′31″N 111°28′25″W / 26.22528°N 111.47361°W / 26.22528; -111.47361 (Visita de San Juan Bautista Londó) 1699 It served Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó. [37]
Angel de la Guarda
23°53′28″N 110°10′15″W / 23.89111°N 110.17083°W / 23.89111; -110.17083 (Visita de Angel de la Guarda (El Zalato)) 1721 It served Misión de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de La Paz Airapí. [38]
La Pasión
24°53′14″N 111°01′50″W / 24.88722°N 111.03056°W / 24.88722; -111.03056 (Misión Nuestra Señora de los Dolores del Sur Chillá (La Pasión)) 1721 Established as the Misión Nuestra Señora de los Dolores del Sur Chillá, it was downgraded to a visita of Mission San Luis Gonzaga in 1741. [39][40]
Todos Santos
The current church.
 23°27′37″N 110°13′08″W / 23.46028°N 110.21889°W / 23.46028; -110.21889 (Misión Santa Rosa de las Palmas (Todos Santos)) 1724 Established as the Visita de Todos Santos to Misión de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de La Paz Airapí. It became a mission in 1733 as the Misión Santa Rosa de las Palmas. [41][15]
La Presentación
25°43′45″N 111°32′37″W / 25.72917°N 111.54361°W / 25.72917; -111.54361 (Visita de la Presentación) 1769 It served Misión San Francisco Javier de Viggé-Biaundó [42]
San José de Magdalena
27°03′30″N 112°10′07″W / 27.05833°N 112.16861°W / 27.05833; -112.16861 (Visita de San José de Magdalena) 1774 It served Misión Santa Rosalía de Mulegé. [43]
San Pablo (y/o Los Dolores de Arriba)
27°42′08″N 113°08′42″W / 27.70222°N 113.14500°W / 27.70222; -113.14500 (Visita de San Pablo) It served Misión Nuestra Señora de los Dolores del Sur Chillá. [44]
San Jacinto
23°14′34″N 110°04′38″W / 23.24278°N 110.07722°W / 23.24278; -110.07722 (Visita de San Jacinto) It served Misión Santa Rosa de las Palmas, which used to be visita Todos Santos). [45]

Sonora

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Misión San Diego de Pitiquito in Pitiquito, Sonora

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "California Mission Life". Factcards.califa.org. Retrieved 2015-06-12.
  2. ^ a b "Mission Trail Today - Mission Asistencias and Estancias". U.S. Mission Trail. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  3. ^ a b Worth, John E. (1998). Timucua Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida. Volume 1: Assimilation. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. p. 35. ISBN 0-8130-1575-8.
  4. ^ a b Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 453–456. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615 – via JSTOR.
  5. ^ a b Mattison, Ray (1946). "Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona" (PDF). New Mexico Historical Review. 21 (4): 275.
  6. ^ a b Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Xavier del Bac - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Xavier del Bac - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Burckhalter, David, Sedgwick, Mina, and Fontana, Bernard L. (2013), Baja California Missions, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, p. 17; Bolton, 1936
  9. ^ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 3: Mission Visitas". Viva Baja. 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  10. ^ a b "Part 3: Mission Visitas – Viva Baja". Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  11. ^ Parks, California State. "California State Parks". CA State Parks. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
  12. ^ "Portolá Expedition Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
  13. ^ "Portolá Expedition Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
  14. ^ Parks, California State. "California State Parks". CA State Parks. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
  15. ^ a b "Santa Gertrudis Asistencia Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
  16. ^ "Las Flores Asistencia Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
  17. ^ a b c Mattison, Ray (1946). "Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona" (PDF). New Mexico Historical Review. 21 (4): 275 – via NPS History.
  18. ^ a b Seymour, Deni J. (2012). "SANTA CRUZ RIVER: The Origin of a Place Name". The Journal of Arizona History. 53 (1): 81–88. ISSN 0021-9053. JSTOR 41697406.
  19. ^ Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Ignacio de Sonoitac - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ a b Seymour, Deni (2003). "Sobaipuri-Pima Occupation in the Upper San Pedro Valley: San Pablo de Quiburi". New Mexico Historical Review. 78 (2).
  21. ^ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 432. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615.
  22. ^ "Florida Sites". Historical Archaeology. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  23. ^ "The Doctrina of Santa Catalina de Guale at Santa Maria on Amelia Island (1686-1702) Historical Background and Mortuary Analysis - Publication | Amelia Island Museum of History". ameliaisland.pastperfectonline.com. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  24. ^ Partridge, Dennis (2021-06-29). "Harrison Cemetery — Amelia Island Genealogical Society". Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  25. ^ "Harrison Family Cemetery Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  26. ^ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 453. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615.
  27. ^ a b c d Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 454. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615.
  28. ^ a b c Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 455. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615.
  29. ^ a b c Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 456. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615.
  30. ^ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 451. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615.
  31. ^ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 458. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615.
  32. ^ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 436. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615.
  33. ^ "Sitio Visita de Calamajue · 21856 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico". Sitio Visita de Calamajue · 21856 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  34. ^ "San Juan de Dios". www.elvigia.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  35. ^ "Part 3: Mission Visitas – Viva Baja". Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  36. ^ "Part 3: Mission Visitas – Viva Baja". Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  37. ^ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 3: Mission Visitas". Viva Baja. 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  38. ^ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 3: Mission Visitas". Viva Baja. 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  39. ^ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 1: The Jesuit Missions 1697-1767 – Viva Baja". vivabaja.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  40. ^ "The Spanish Missions on the California Peninsula: #9, Nuestra Señora de los Dolores (1721-1741 at Apaté, 1741-1768 at La Pasión de Chillá)". Discover Baja Travel Club. 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  41. ^ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 1: The Jesuit Missions 1697-1767 – Viva Baja". vivabaja.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  42. ^ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 3: Mission Visitas". Viva Baja. 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  43. ^ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 3: Mission Visitas". Viva Baja. 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  44. ^ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 3: Mission Visitas". Viva Baja. 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  45. ^ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 3: Mission Visitas". Viva Baja. 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
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