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Bha (Indic)

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Bha
Bha
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseBha
Tibetan
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiBha
DevanagariBha
Cognates
Hebrewב
GreekΒ
LatinB
CyrillicВ, Б
Properties
Phonemic representation/bʰ/ /pʰ/B
IAST transliterationbh Bh
ISCII code pointCB (203)

^B in Tai languages, Mon and Khmer

Bha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Bha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of भ are:[1]

  • [bʰə] = 24 (२४)
  • भि [bʰɪ] = 2,400 (२ ४००)
  • भु [bʰʊ] = 240,000 (२ ४० ०००)
  • भृ [bʰri] = 24,000,000 (२ ४० ०० ०००)
  • भॢ [bʰlə] = 24×108 (२४×१०)
  • भे [bʰe] = 24×1010 (२४×१०१०)
  • भै [bʰɛː] = 24×1012 (२४×१०१२)
  • भो [bʰoː] = 24×1014 (२४×१०१४)
  • भौ [bʰɔː] = 24×1016 (२४×१०१६)

Historic Bha

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Bha as found in standard Brahmi, Bha was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Bha. The Tocharian Bha Bha did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of bha, in Kharoshthi (Bha) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Bha

[edit]

The Brahmi letter Bha, Bha, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Bet , and is thus related to the modern Latin B and Greek Beta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Bha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Bha historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Bha

[edit]

The Tocharian letter Bha is derived from the Brahmi Bha, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Bha with vowel marks
Bha Bhā Bhi Bhī Bhu Bhū Bhr Bhr̄ Bhe Bhai Bho Bhau Bhä

Kharoṣṭhī Bha

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Bha is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Bet , and is thus related to B and Beta, in addition to the Brahmi Bha.[2]

Devanagari Bha

[edit]

Bha () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘥.

Devanagari-using Languages

[edit]

In all languages, भ is pronounced as [bʰə] or [] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari भ with vowel marks
Bha Bhā Bhi Bhī Bhu Bhū Bhr Bhr̄ Bhl Bhl̄ Bhe Bhai Bho Bhau Bh
भा भि भी भु भू भृ भॄ भॢ भॣ भे भै भो भौ भ्

Conjuncts with भ

[edit]
Half form of Bha.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of भ

[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature rbʰa: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature rbʰa:

  • भ্ (bʰ) + न (na) gives the ligature bʰna:

  • भ্ (bʰ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature bʰra:

  • द্ (d) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature dbʰa:

Stacked conjuncts of भ

[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • भ্ (bʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature bʰca:

  • भ্ (bʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature bʰḍa:

  • भ্ (bʰ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature bʰja:

  • भ্ (bʰ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bʰjña:

  • भ্ (bʰ) + ल (la) gives the ligature bʰla:

  • भ্ (bʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bʰŋa:

  • भ্ (bʰ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bʰña:

  • छ্ (cʰ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature cʰbʰa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ḍbʰa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱbʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ŋbʰa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ṭbʰa:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰbʰa:

Bengali Bha

[edit]

The Bengali script ভ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, भ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ভ will sometimes be transliterated as "bho" instead of "bha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /bʰo/. Like all Indic consonants, ভ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ভ with vowel marks
bha bhā bhi bhī bhu bhū bhr bhr̄ bhe bhai bho bhau bh
ভা ভি ভী ভু ভূ ভৃ ভৄ ভে ভৈ ভো ভৌ ভ্

ভ in Bengali-using languages

[edit]

ভ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ভ

[edit]

Bengali ভ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

  • ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature bʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ভ্ (bʰ) + ব (va) gives the ligature bʰva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ভ্ (bʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature bʰya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • দ্ (d) + ভ (bʰa) gives the ligature dbʰa:

  • দ্ (d) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature dbʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ল্ (l) + ভ (bʰa) gives the ligature lbʰa:

  • ম্ (m) + ভ (bʰa) gives the ligature mbʰa:

  • ম্ (m) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature mbʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + ভ (bʰa) gives the ligature rbʰa, with the repha prefix:

Gujarati Bha

[edit]
Gujarati Bha.

Bha () is the twenty-fourth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Bha Bha with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Bha.

Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ભ is pronounced as [bʰə] or [] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Bha Bhā Bhi Bhī Bhu Bhū Bhr Bhl Bhr̄ Bhl̄ Bhĕ Bhe Bhai Bhŏ Bho Bhau Bh
Gujarati Bha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ભ

[edit]
Half form of Bha.

Gujarati ભ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ભ (bʰa) gives the ligature RBha:

  • ભ્ (bʰ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BhRa:

  • ભ્ (bʰ) + ન (na) gives the ligature BhNa:

Javanese Bha

[edit]

Telugu Bha

[edit]
Telugu Bha
Telugu subjoined Bha
Telugu independent and subjoined Bha.

Bha () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Bh. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Bha

[edit]
Malayalam letter Bha

Bha () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Bh, via the Grantha letter Bha Bha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Bha matras: Bha, Bhā, Bhi, Bhī, Bhu, Bhū, Bhr̥, Bhr̥̄, Bhl̥, Bhl̥̄, Bhe, Bhē, Bhai, Bho, Bhō, Bhau, and Bh.

Conjuncts of ഭ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ത് (t) + ഭ (bʰa) gives the ligature tbʰa:

Odia Bha

[edit]
Odia independent letter Bha
Odia subjoined letter Bha
Odia independent and subjoined letter Bha.

Bha () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Bh, via the Siddhaṃ letter Bha Bha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Bha with vowel matras
Bha Bhā Bhi Bhī Bhu Bhū Bhr̥ Bhr̥̄ Bhl̥ Bhl̥̄ Bhe Bhai Bho Bhau Bh
ଭା ଭି ଭୀ ଭୁ ଭୂ ଭୃ ଭୄ ଭୢ ଭୣ ଭେ ଭୈ ଭୋ ଭୌ ଭ୍

Conjuncts of ଭ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଦ୍ (d) + ଭ (bʰa) gives the ligature dbʰa:

  • ମ୍ (m) + ଭ (bʰa) gives the ligature mbʰa:

Tibetan

[edit]
Tibetan letter Bha
Tibetan letter Ba
Tibetan letter Ha
Tibetan letter Bha and its component characters Ba and Ha.

Bha is a consonant of the Tibetan abugida. Tibetan Bha is not genealogically related to Bha in other Indic scripts, but is rather a "compound" letter composed from Ba + Ha. It is not used for writing native Tibetan words, but can be found in terms borrowed from Sanskrit and other Indo-Aryan languages. It is, of course, used in writing Sanskrit.

Kaithi Bha

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Bha
Kaithi half-form letter Bha
Kaithi consonant and half-form Bha.

Bha (𑂦) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Bh, via the Siddhaṃ letter Bha Bha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Bha with vowel matras
Bha Bhā Bhi Bhī Bhu Bhū Bhe Bhai Bho Bhau Bh
𑂦 𑂦𑂰 𑂦𑂱 𑂦𑂲 𑂦𑂳 𑂦𑂴 𑂦𑂵 𑂦𑂶 𑂦𑂷 𑂦𑂸 𑂦𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂦

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂦୍ (bʰ) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature a:

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂦 (bʰa) gives the ligature a:

Comparison of Bha

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Bha, are related as well.

Comparison of Bha in different scripts
Aramaic
Bha
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨧
Ashoka Brahmi
Bha
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Bha
Tocharian[b]
Bha
Gupta Brahmi
Bha
Pallava
Bha
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰥
Siddhaṃ
Bha
Grantha
𑌭
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
-
Newa
𑐨
Ahom
𑜘
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
-
Ranjana
Bha
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤣
Kannada
Kayah Li
-
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑩳
Khmer
Tamil
-
Chakma
𑄞
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
-
Marchen
-
Tirhuta
𑒦
New Tai Lue
Tai Viet
-
Aksara Kawi
Bha
'Phags-pa
-
Odia
Sharada
𑆨
Rejang
-
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
𑨡
Bengali-Assamese
Bha
Takri
𑚡
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠡
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘥
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈣
Khudabadi
𑋖
Mahajani
𑅫
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Bha
Nandinagari
𑧅
Kaithi
Bha
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊟
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑩳
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑵯
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴣
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Bha

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Bha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Bha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER BHA BENGALI LETTER BHA TELUGU LETTER BHA ORIYA LETTER BHA KANNADA LETTER BHA MALAYALAM LETTER BHA GUJARATI LETTER BHA GURMUKHI LETTER BHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2349 U+092D 2477 U+09AD 3117 U+0C2D 2861 U+0B2D 3245 U+0CAD 3373 U+0D2D 2733 U+0AAD 2605 U+0A2D
UTF-8 224 164 173 E0 A4 AD 224 166 173 E0 A6 AD 224 176 173 E0 B0 AD 224 172 173 E0 AC AD 224 178 173 E0 B2 AD 224 180 173 E0 B4 AD 224 170 173 E0 AA AD 224 168 173 E0 A8 AD
Numeric character reference भ भ ভ ভ భ భ ଭ ଭ ಭ ಭ ഭ ഭ ભ ભ ਭ ਭ
ISCII 203 CB 203 CB 203 CB 203 CB 203 CB 203 CB 203 CB 203 CB


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨧 𑌭
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER BHA KHAROSHTHI LETTER BHA SIDDHAM LETTER BHA GRANTHA LETTER BHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69674 U+1102A 68135 U+10A27 71077 U+115A5 70445 U+1132D
UTF-8 240 145 128 170 F0 91 80 AA 240 144 168 167 F0 90 A8 A7 240 145 150 165 F0 91 96 A5 240 145 140 173 F0 91 8C AD
UTF-16 55300 56362 D804 DC2A 55298 56871 D802 DE27 55301 56741 D805 DDA5 55300 57133 D804 DF2D
Numeric character reference 𑀪 𑀪 𐨧 𐨧 𑖥 𑖥 𑌭 𑌭


Character information
Preview 𑨡 𑐨 𑰥 𑆨
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER BHA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER BHA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER BHA NEWA LETTER BHA BHAIKSUKI LETTER BHA SHARADA LETTER BHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3927 U+0F57 4007 U+0FA7 72225 U+11A21 70696 U+11428 72741 U+11C25 70056 U+111A8
UTF-8 224 189 151 E0 BD 97 224 190 167 E0 BE A7 240 145 168 161 F0 91 A8 A1 240 145 144 168 F0 91 90 A8 240 145 176 165 F0 91 B0 A5 240 145 134 168 F0 91 86 A8
UTF-16 3927 0F57 4007 0FA7 55302 56865 D806 DE21 55301 56360 D805 DC28 55303 56357 D807 DC25 55300 56744 D804 DDA8
Numeric character reference བྷ བྷ ྦྷ ྦྷ 𑨡 𑨡 𑐨 𑐨 𑰥 𑰥 𑆨 𑆨


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER BHA TAI THAM LETTER LOW PHA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW PHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4120 U+1018 6717 U+1A3D 6552 U+1998
UTF-8 225 128 152 E1 80 98 225 168 189 E1 A8 BD 225 166 152 E1 A6 98
Numeric character reference ဘ ဘ ᨽ ᨽ ᦘ ᦘ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER PHO LAO LETTER PALI BHA THAI CHARACTER PHO SAMPHAO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6039 U+1797 3744 U+0EA0 3616 U+0E20
UTF-8 225 158 151 E1 9E 97 224 186 160 E0 BA A0 224 184 160 E0 B8 A0
Numeric character reference ភ ភ ຠ ຠ ภ ภ


Character information
Preview 𑄞 𑜘 𑤣
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER MAHAAPRAANA BAYANNA CHAKMA LETTER BHAA AHOM LETTER BHA DIVES AKURU LETTER BHA SAURASHTRA LETTER BHA CHAM LETTER BHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3511 U+0DB7 69918 U+1111E 71448 U+11718 71971 U+11923 43177 U+A8A9 43550 U+AA1E
UTF-8 224 182 183 E0 B6 B7 240 145 132 158 F0 91 84 9E 240 145 156 152 F0 91 9C 98 240 145 164 163 F0 91 A4 A3 234 162 169 EA A2 A9 234 168 158 EA A8 9E
UTF-16 3511 0DB7 55300 56606 D804 DD1E 55301 57112 D805 DF18 55302 56611 D806 DD23 43177 A8A9 43550 AA1E
Numeric character reference භ භ 𑄞 𑄞 𑜘 𑜘 𑤣 𑤣 ꢩ ꢩ ꨞ ꨞ


Character information
Preview 𑘥 𑧅 𑩳 𑵯
Unicode name MODI LETTER BHA NANDINAGARI LETTER BHA SOYOMBO LETTER BHA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER BHO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER BHA KAITHI LETTER BHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71205 U+11625 72133 U+119C5 72307 U+11A73 43036 U+A81C 73071 U+11D6F 69798 U+110A6
UTF-8 240 145 152 165 F0 91 98 A5 240 145 167 133 F0 91 A7 85 240 145 169 179 F0 91 A9 B3 234 160 156 EA A0 9C 240 145 181 175 F0 91 B5 AF 240 145 130 166 F0 91 82 A6
UTF-16 55301 56869 D805 DE25 55302 56773 D806 DDC5 55302 56947 D806 DE73 43036 A81C 55303 56687 D807 DD6F 55300 56486 D804 DCA6
Numeric character reference 𑘥 𑘥 𑧅 𑧅 𑩳 𑩳 ꠜ ꠜ 𑵯 𑵯 𑂦 𑂦


Character information
Preview 𑒦
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER BHA LIMBU LETTER BHA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER BHAM
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70822 U+114A6 6419 U+1913 43994 U+ABDA
UTF-8 240 145 146 166 F0 91 92 A6 225 164 147 E1 A4 93 234 175 154 EA AF 9A
UTF-16 55301 56486 D805 DCA6 6419 1913 43994 ABDA
Numeric character reference 𑒦 𑒦 ᤓ ᤓ ꯚ ꯚ


Character information
Preview 𑚡 𑠡 𑈣 𑋖 𑅫 𑊟
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER BHA DOGRA LETTER BHA KHOJKI LETTER BHA KHUDAWADI LETTER BHA MAHAJANI LETTER BHA MULTANI LETTER BHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71329 U+116A1 71713 U+11821 70179 U+11223 70358 U+112D6 69995 U+1116B 70303 U+1129F
UTF-8 240 145 154 161 F0 91 9A A1 240 145 160 161 F0 91 A0 A1 240 145 136 163 F0 91 88 A3 240 145 139 150 F0 91 8B 96 240 145 133 171 F0 91 85 AB 240 145 138 159 F0 91 8A 9F
UTF-16 55301 56993 D805 DEA1 55302 56353 D806 DC21 55300 56867 D804 DE23 55300 57046 D804 DED6 55300 56683 D804 DD6B 55300 56991 D804 DE9F
Numeric character reference 𑚡 𑚡 𑠡 𑠡 𑈣 𑈣 𑋖 𑋖 𑅫 𑅫 𑊟 𑊟


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER BA KEMBANG JAVANESE LETTER BA MURDA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 6954 U+1B2A 43432 U+A9A8
UTF-8 225 172 170 E1 AC AA 234 166 168 EA A6 A8
Numeric character reference ᬪ ᬪ ꦨ ꦨ


Character information
Preview 𑴣
Unicode name MASARAM GONDI LETTER BHA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 72995 U+11D23
UTF-8 240 145 180 163 F0 91 B4 A3
UTF-16 55303 56611 D807 DD23
Numeric character reference 𑴣 𑴣



References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".