Tây Bồi Pidgin French
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| Tây Bồi | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Annam, French Cochinchina, Tonkin |
| Era | 1860-1975/80[1] |
French pidgin
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tas |
| Glottolog | tayb1240 |
Tây Bồi (Vietnamese: tiếng Tây Bồi),[2] or Vietnamese Pidgin French, was a pidgin spoken by non-French-educated Vietnamese, typically those who worked as servants in French households or milieux during the colonial era. Literally, it means "French (Tây) [of- or spoken by] male servants (Bồi)". During the French colonization period, the majority of household servants for the French were male. The term is used by Vietnamese themselves to indicate that the spoken French language is poor, incorrect and ungrammatical. The French government/colonizers or protectors opened French public schools (from pre-kindergarten through the Baccalaureat II) staffed by all native French speakers to take care of their compatriots/expatriates' children's education. Vietnamese children were admitted as well if they could pass the entrance examination tailored to their age and grade level. The Vietnamese elite class spoke French, and those with French Baccalaureat diplomas could attend French universities in France and in its colonies. After France's withdrawal from Indochina in 1954, Tây Bồi ceased to be used as a common language as standard French was used and is believed to have become extinct around the 1980s.
Etymology
[edit]Bồi is the Vietnamese phonetic spelling of the French word "boy" (from the English word), which refers to male household servants (it also means "to add" as a verb, which incidentally refers to how this pidgin worked).[3]
History
[edit]Tây Bồi formed in the 1860's around Saigon as French colonial officials in Vietnam began interacting with the local population. Those who could afford to learn French did if they interacted with the French often. But some where too poor to afford education couldn't learn French and so to allow them to communicate with the French a pidgin formed in. Most of these poor people where servants, low level administrators, soldiers or other such low class workers.[4]
The language began to decline after the French withdraw from Vietnam after the First Indochina War. After this lack of use, communist suppression of French, and warfare decreased the amount of speakers further with the last evidence of its use being between 1975 and 1980. Before it went extinct Tây Bồi was viewed as irrelevant by the French and speakers were hesitant to speak about it after the French withdraw, because of this it is poorly attested in surviving research.[4]
Phonology
[edit]| Bilabial | Labio-Dental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Voiceless | p | t̪ (ṭ) | t | k | |||
| Voiced | b | d̪ | g | |||||
| Fricatives | Voiceless | f | θ | ʃ | χ | |||
| Voiced | v | ð | ʒ | ɣ | ||||
| Laterals | l | |||||||
| Trills | r | ʀ | ||||||
| Nasals | m | n | n | ŋ | ||||
| Semivowels | w | ɥ | ||||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||
| Close | i | u | ||
| Mid | e̞ | ə | ɤ | o̞ |
| Open Mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||
| Near-open | ɐ | |||
| Open | a | |||
Tones
[edit]Tây Bồi contains the same 5 tones as the Southern dialects of Vietnamese being the High-level, High rising, Low-level, Mid-rising, and Low-rising tones.[5]
Features
[edit]Tây Bồi had an SVO word order just like Vietnamese. Verbs were used in the infinitive with tense implied mostly through context. Its grammar and syntax are in general the same as Vietnamese grammar and syntax.[5][4]
Lexicon
[edit]In Tây Bồi was a French lexifier pidgin with minimal influences from Vietnamese, Chinese Pidgin English, Japanese and a Portuguese Creole (though which one specifically isn't specified). Tây Bồi also sees a significantly reduced amount of words with many copulas being removed and words gaining several closely related meanings.[4]
Examples
[edit]| Tây Bồi | Standard French | Literal English | Standard English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moi faim | J'ai faim | Me hunger | I am hungry |
| Moi tasse | Ma tasse | Me cup | My cup |
| Lui avoir permission repos | Il a la permission de se reposer | Him have permission rest [noun] | He has permission to rest |
| Demain moi retour campagne | Demain, je retourne à la campagne | Tomorrow me return [noun] countryside | Tomorrow, I return to the countryside |
| Vous pas argent moi stop travail | Si vous ne me payez pas, j'arrêterai de travailler | You not money, me stop work [noun] | If you don't pay me, I'll stop working |
| Monsieur content aller danser | Monsieur est content d'aller danser | Mister happy to go to dance | The gentleman is happy to go dance |
| Lui la frapper | Il la frappe | Him her to hit | He hits her |
| Bon pas aller | Bon, n'y va pas | Good, not to go | Good, don't go |
| Pas travail | Je ne travaillerai pas | Not work [noun] | I won't work |
| Assez, pas connaître | Assez, je n'en sais rien | Enough, not to know | Enough, I don't know |
| Moi compris toi parler | J'ai compris ce que tu as dit | Me understood you to speak | I've understood what you've said |
(Bickerton 1995: 163) [1]
See also
[edit]- French Indochina
- French language
- Vietnamese language
- Butler English, a similar phenomenon in colonized India
References
[edit]- ^ Tây Bồi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Trần Khải (23 May 2012). "Ông Hồ viết tiếng Tây". Việt Báo Daily News (in Vietnamese). Garden Grove, California. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
- ^ John E. Reinecke (1971). Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
- ^ a b c d Love, Susan (August 2000). French and Tay Boi in Vietnam: A study of language policy, practice and perceptions. University of Adelaide. pp. 85–95.
- ^ a b c d LlEM, NGUYEN DANG. CASES AND VERBS IN PIDGIN FRENCH (TAY BOI) IN VIETNAM. The Australian National University. pp. 219–242.